Ceramic-impregnated Fabrics
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Ceramic-impregnated fabric is a fabric that has been impregnated with ceramic. Nanometric
bioceramic Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic materials that are biocompatible. Bioceramics are an important subset of biomaterials.J. F. Shackelford (editor)(1999) ''MSF bioceramics applications of ceramic and glass materials in medicine'' Biocerami ...
can be incorporated into the
polymer A polymer () is a chemical substance, substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeat unit, repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. Due to their br ...
from which the fabric is manufactured. Bioceramic
nanoparticle A nanoparticle or ultrafine particle is a particle of matter 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter. The term is sometimes used for larger particles, up to 500 nm, or fibers and tubes that are less than 100 nm in only two directions. At ...
s are added to the fused polymer. Some types of ceramics show thermally-induced
photoluminescence Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). It is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is initiated by photoexcitation (i.e. phot ...
, emitting light in the
far infrared Far infrared (FIR) or long wave refers to a specific range within the infrared spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. It encompasses radiation with wavelengths ranging from 15 μm ( micrometers) to 1 mm, which corresponds to a freque ...
(FIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. When in contact with the body heat, the
thermoluminescence Thermoluminescence is a form of luminescence that is exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon hea ...
of the fabrics with embedded bioceramic is enhanced. Bioceramics presents high
reflection coefficient In physics and electrical engineering the reflection coefficient is a parameter that describes how much of a wave is reflected by an impedance discontinuity in the transmission medium. It is equal to the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected ...
for the infrared radiation.


Method of production

One way in which fabrics can be impregnated with ceramic is the process of
electrophoretic Electrophoresis is the motion of charged dispersed particles or dissolved charged molecules relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. As a rule, these are zwitterions with a positive or negative net ch ...
deposition or EPD in the industry. In this process, nanoceramic particles are put into a solution in which the fabric to be infiltrated will be placed. The solution is then heated to high temperatures and the fabric is placed into the solution. Next, a current is passed through and the nano ceramic particles coat and impregnate the fabric. The pH level as well as the amount of time and amount of current can affect how well the fabric is infiltrated and how it is coated. Other processing methods can be further broken down into what particles will be added. There are two distinct groups: *The
SiC The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; ''thus'', ''so'', and ''in this manner'') inserted after a quotation indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated as found in the source text, including erroneous, archaic, or unusual spelling ...
group (which contains silicon, carbon as well as additives for oxidation processes). When using this group for the purpose of ceramic-impregnation, the textile must first undergo a treatment. This is usually
pyrolytic Pyrolysis is a process involving the separation of covalent bonds in organic matter by thermal decomposition within an inert environment without oxygen. Etymology The word ''pyrolysis'' is coined from the Greek-derived elements ''pyro-'' ( ...
carbon or BN, which is deposited using a
chemical vapor infiltration Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) is a ceramic engineering process whereby matrix material is infiltrated into fibrous preforms by the use of reactive gases at elevated temperature to form fiber-reinforced composites. The earliest use of CVI was t ...
(CVI). Next, an overlayer of SiC is deposited on the textile using the same method. After this step the matrix of the textile is infiltrated by a slurry made up of SiC particles which can either be put in a polymer or simply molten SiC. This process coats the entirety of the textile. *The oxide group. Oxides commonly used are
alumina Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula . It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium oxide. It is commonly ...
,
silica Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula , commonly found in nature as quartz. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant f ...
,
mullite Mullite or porcelainite is a rare silicate mineral formed during contact metamorphism of clay minerals. It can form two stoichiometric forms: 3 Al2 O32 SiO2 or 2Al2O3 SiO2. Unusually, mullite has no charge-balancing cations present. As a result ...
, and
rare-earth The rare-earth elements (REE), also called the rare-earth metals or rare earths, and sometimes the lanthanides or lanthanoids (although scandium and yttrium, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of ...
phosphate Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus. In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthop ...
s. The process for impregnation is quite simple: a slurry is prepared with the oxide desired and the textile is placed in it. Again, the slurry can be a molten state or a polymer-based one. There are a few differences between these groups. The SiC group has over twice the fracture strength and
thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to heat conduction, conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by k, \lambda, or \kappa and is measured in W·m−1·K−1. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low ...
when compared to the oxides group. However, the oxides are more stable in combustion and oxidizing environments. The process by which the textile is impregnated depends on what materials will be used, as well as the intended purpose of that fabric.


Uses

These fabrics are utilized for thermal, mechanical and electrical applications for a variety of reasons. Ceramic-impregnated fabrics are most importantly used in three main fields:
aerospace Aerospace is a term used to collectively refer to the atmosphere and outer space. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astron ...
,
electronic Electronic may refer to: *Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductors * ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal *Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device *Electronic c ...
, and industrial. In aerospace, the fabrics were used in
Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable launch system, reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. ...
s for the exit cone, door seals,
micrometeorite A micrometeorite is a micrometeoroid that has survived entry through the Earth's atmosphere. Usually found on Earth's surface, micrometeorites differ from meteorites in that they are smaller in size, more abundant, and different in composition. T ...
shield, gaskets, booster access doors, shuttle tiles, and in the Whipple shield. Ceramic-impregnated fabrics are utilized in aerospace because they have low thermal conductivity and can be fabricated into high temperature
thermal insulator Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with s ...
s. In the electronic industry, the fabrics are used primarily for insulation and seals, because of its low
porosity Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure ...
. Ceramic fabric's industrial uses include furnace linings, furnace zone dividers, door seals, tube seals, gaskets, and expansion joints. In addition to being an effective thermal insulator, these fabrics do not shrink or elongate with high temperature changes, making them useful for industrial uses that involve high temperatures.


References

*Boccaccini, A.R.; Kaya, C.; Chawla, K.K. Composites Part A, 2001, Vol.32(8), pp. 997–1006 eer Reviewed Journal*Binetruy, Christophe, and Fancois Boussu. "Recent Advances in Textile Composites: October 26–28, 2010, Lille Grand Palais, Lille, France." Google Books. DEStech Publications Inc, 26 Oct. 2010. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. *Integral Textile Ceramic Structures ''
Annual Review of Materials Research The ''Annual Review of Materials Research'' is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes review articles about materials science. It has been published by the nonprofit Annual Reviews since 1971, when it was first released under the title the ''Annu ...
'' Vol. 38: 425–443 (Volume publication date August 2008) First published online as a Review in Advance on March 26, 2008 {{doi, 10.1146/annurev.matsci.38.060407.130214 *"Thermal Insulation Property of Spacer Fabrics Integrated by Ceramic Powder Impregnated Fabrics." Thermal Insulation Property of Spacer Fabrics Integrated by Ceramic Powder Impregnated Fabrics. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013. *Sawko, Paul M., and Huy Kim Tran. Strength and flexibility properties of advanced ceramic fabrics. Moffett Field, Calif.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center; 1985. Print. Ceramic materials Technical fabrics