Centroleninae is one of two

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zool ...

of the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Centrolenidae. It has nine genera distributed in Central America from Honduras south and east to northern and central South America. As of mid 2015, it contains 117 species.

Taxonomy

Centroleninae are defined based on molecular and morphological characteristics, none of which are obvious to a naked eye. However, in several species a fighting behaviour that might be

synapomorphy In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel Phenotypic trait, character or character state that has evolution, evolved from its ancestral form (or Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy, plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy sh ...

has been observed: males dangle by their feet and grapple venter-to-venter; amplexus-like or wrestling on leaves fighting of Hyalinobatrachinae is hypothesized to be primitive behaviour. Their

sister taxon In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

is ambiguous, it is either genus '' Ikakogi'' or subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae.

Genera

There are nine genera: *'' Centrolene'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (29 sp.) *'' Chimerella'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (2 sp.) *''

Cochranella ''Cochranella'' is a genus of glass frogs, family Centrolenidae. They are found in Central America from Honduras southward to the Amazonian and Andean cloud forests of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Etymology The generic name (biology), ...

'' Taylor, 1951 (9 sp.) *''

Espadarana ''Espadarana'' is a genus of glass frogs. They are found in Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) and northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador). Etymology The generic name ''Espadarana'' honors Marcos Jiménez ...

'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (5 sp.) *''

Nymphargus ''Nymphargus'' is a genus of glass frogs in the subfamily Centroleninae, which was established in 2007. They are distributed in the Andean slopes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.Frost, 2014 They are characterized by lacking webbing among ...

'' Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid, 2007 (38 sp.) *''

Rulyrana ''Rulyrana'' is a small genus of glass frogs. They are found in South America, on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Bolivia, as well as on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central (Colombia), Cordillera Central ...

'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (6 sp.) *''

Sachatamia ''Sachatamia'' is a small genus of glass frogs. They are found in Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) and northern South America (Colombia and northwestern Ecuador) at altitudes below above sea level. The generic name ''S ...

'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (5 sp.) *''

Teratohyla ''Teratohyla'' is a small genus of glassfrogs in the subfamily Centroleninae. The genus was for a while included in ''Centrolenella'' and then ''Cochranella'', but it was resurrected in 2009. These frogs are distributed from lowlands of Central A ...

'' Taylor, 1951 (5 sp.) *''

Vitreorana ''Vitreorana'' is a genus of glass frogs that are native to South America, from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and Argentina to the Amazon rainforest of Colombia and Ecuador and to the Venezuelan Coastal Range and the Guianas The Guianas, ...

'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (10 sp.) Several species have uncertain generic placement and are placed in Centroleninae ''

Incertae Sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'', awaiting for more information: *'' "Centrolene" acanthidiocephalum'' (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1989) *'' "Centrolene" azulae'' (Flores and McDiarmid, 1989) *'' "Centrolene" guanacarum'' Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995 *'' "Centrolene" medemi'' (Cochran and Goin, 1970) *'' "Centrolene" petrophilum'' Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991 *'' "Centrolene" quindianum'' Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995 *'' "Centrolene" robledoi'' Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995 *'' "Cochranella" duidaeana'' (Ayarzagüena, 1992) *'' "Cochranella" euhystrix'' (Cadle and McDiarmid, 1990) *'' "Cochranella" geijskesi'' (Goin, 1966) *'' "Cochranella" megista'' (Rivero, 1985) *'' "Cochranella" ramirezi'' Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991 *'' "Cochranella" riveroi'' (Ayarzagüena, 1992) *'' "Cochranella" xanthocheridia'' Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995 The AmphibiaWeb includes '' Ikakogi'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 in this subfamily, whereas it is not included in any subfamily in the Amphibian Species of the World.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2371539 Glass frogs Taxa named by Edward Harrison Taylor