Cel shading or toon shading is a type of

non-photorealistic rendering Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is an area of computer graphics that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive styles for digital art, in contrast to traditional computer graphics, which focuses on photorealism. NPR is inspired by other ...

designed to make 3D

computer graphics Computer graphics deals with generating images and art with the aid of computers. Computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film, video games, digital art, cell phone and computer displays, and many specialized applications. ...

appear to be flat by using less shading color instead of a shade gradient or

tints and shades In color theory, a tint is a mixture of a color with white, which increases lightness, while a shade is a mixture with black, which increases darkness. A tone is produced either by mixing a color with gray, or by both tinting and shading. M ...

. A cel

shader In computer graphics, a shader is a computer program that calculates the appropriate levels of light, darkness, and color during the rendering of a 3D scene—a process known as '' shading''. Shaders have evolved to perform a variety of s ...

is often used to mimic the style of a

comic book A comic book, comic-magazine, or simply comic is a publication that consists of comics art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panel (comics), panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by descriptive prose and wri ...

cartoon A cartoon is a type of visual art that is typically drawn, frequently Animation, animated, in an realism (arts), unrealistic or semi-realistic style. The specific meaning has evolved, but the modern usage usually refers to either: an image or s ...

and/or give the render a characteristic paper-like texture. There are similar techniques that can make an image look like a sketch, an

oil painting Oil painting is a painting method involving the procedure of painting with pigments combined with a drying oil as the Binder (material), binder. It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on canvas, wood panel, or oil on coppe ...

or an ink painting. The name comes from ''cels'' (short for

celluloid Celluloids are a class of materials produced by mixing nitrocellulose and camphor, often with added dyes and other agents. Once much more common for its use as photographic film before the advent of safer methods, celluloid's common present-day ...

), clear sheets of

acetate An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic, or radical base). "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called ...

which are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation.

Basic process

The cel-shading process starts with a typical

3D model In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of a surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and ...

. Where cel-shading differs from conventional rendering is in its non-photorealistic shading algorithm. Conventional smooth lighting values are calculated for each pixel and then quantized to a small number of discrete shades to create the characteristic "flat look", where the shadows and highlights appear as blocks of color rather than being smoothly mixed in a gradient.

Outlines

Wireframe method

Black ink

outlines Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

and

contour line A contour line (also isoline, isopleth, isoquant or isarithm) of a Function of several real variables, function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value. It is a ...

s can be created using a variety of methods. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself.

Back-face culling In computer graphics, back-face culling determines whether a polygon that is part of a solid needs to be drawn. Polygons that face away from the viewer do not need to be drawn, as they will be obscured by other polygons facing the viewer. This pr ...

is inverted and the back-facing triangles are drawn in black. To dilate the

silhouette A silhouette (, ) is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject. The interior of a silhouette is featureless, and the silhouett ...

, these back-faces may be drawn in wireframe multiple times with slight changes in translation. Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their

vertex normal In the geometry of computer graphics, a vertex normal at a vertex of a polyhedron is a directional vector associated with a vertex, intended as a replacement to the true geometric normal of the surface. Commonly, it is computed as the normalize ...

s in a

vertex shader In computer graphics, a shader is a computer program that calculates the appropriate levels of light, darkness, and color during the rendering of a 3D scene—a process known as '' shading''. Shaders have evolved to perform a variety of s ...

. After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Finally, the image is composited via

Z-buffering A z-buffer, also known as a depth buffer, is a type of data buffer used in computer graphics to store the depth information of fragments. The values stored represent the distance to the camera, with 0 being the closest. The encoding scheme may ...

, as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied. The Utah teapot rendered using cel shading: Celshading teapot large

# The back faces are drawn with thick lines # The object faces are drawn using a single color # Shading is applied Steps 2 and 3 can be combined using

multitexturing Texture mapping is a term used in computer graphics to describe how 2D images are projected onto 3D models. The most common variant is the UV unwrap, which can be described as an inverse paper cutout, where the surfaces of a 3D model are cut ap ...

(part of texture mapping).

Edge-detection method

In video games

The

Sega Dreamcast The is the final home video game console manufactured by Sega. It was released in Japan on November 27, 1998, in North America on September 9, 1999 and in Europe on October 14, 1999. It was the first sixth-generation video game console, prec ...

title ''

Jet Set Radio (originally released in North America as ''Jet Grind Radio'') is a 2000 action game developed by Smilebit and published by Sega for the Dreamcast. The player controls a member of a youth gang, the GG's, as they use inline skates to traverse ...

'', which was revealed at the 1999

Tokyo Game Show , commonly known as TGS, is a video game trade fair and convention held annually in September in the Makuhari Messe, in Chiba, Japan. It is presented by the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association (CESA) and Nikkei Business Publication ...

, drew media attention for its cel-shaded style. It used cel-shading for its characters and its vibrant visual style has had a lasting influence on the use of cel-shading in video games. Since the early 2000s, many notable video games have made use of this style, such as ''

Cel Damage ''Cel Damage'' is a vehicular combat video game developed by Pseudo Interactive and published by Electronic Arts. The game was first released for Xbox on 14 November 2001, and for GameCube on 7 January 2002, in North America respectively. In E ...

'' (2001), '' The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker'' (2002) and ''

Ōkami is a 2006 action-adventure game developed by Clover Studio and published by Capcom. It was released for PlayStation 2 in 2006 in Japan and North America, and in 2007 in Europe and Australia. After the closure of Clover Studio a few months afte ...

'' (2006). Cel shading, in contrast to other visual styles such as photorealism, is often used to lend a more artistic or fantastical element to a video game's environment. In developing ''Ōkami'', director

Hideki Kamiya is a Japanese video game designer and director. He began his career in 1994 with Capcom, where he directed '' Resident Evil 2'' (1998), ''Devil May Cry'' (2001), '' Viewtiful Joe'' (2003), and '' Ōkami'' (2006). From 2004 to 2006, he worked ...

described his vision for the game's graphics: "I wanted to create a game with the natural beauty of the Japanese countryside... to make a world that was glistening and beautiful." Producer Atsushi Inaba recalls in a 2004 interview that Clover Studios had "abandoned the realistic style" for ''Ōkami'' as they became inspired by traditional Japanese art. Game studios might choose a style such as cel shading in their development for reasons beyond artistic vision. Cel shaded graphics are usually simple in visual information, which can be useful in some applications. In the case of ''The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker'', developer Satoru Takizawa states that using this style allowed to "represent the mechanisms and objects for puzzles n ''The Wind Waker''in a more easy-to-understand way." Takizawa also argues that photorealistic graphics, in contrast, would have "had the adverse effect of making information difficult to represent game-wise."

Lists of cel-shaded media

Film

* ''

The Great Mouse Detective ''The Great Mouse Detective'' (released as ''Basil the Great Mouse Detective'' in some countries and ''The Adventures of the Great Mouse Detective'' during its 1992 re-release) is a 1986 American animated mystery adventure film produced by W ...

'', a 1986 American animated film based on "

Basil of Baker Street ''Basil of Baker Street'' is a series of children's novels written by Eve Titus and illustrated by Paul Galdone. The stories focus on the titular Basil of Baker Street and his personal biographer Doctor David Q. Dawson. Together they solve the m ...

" by

Eve Titus Eve Titus (July 16, 1922 – February 4, 2002) was an American children's writer. She is particularly known for her books featuring the anthropomorphic mice characters Anatole, a heroic and resourceful French mouse, and Basil of Baker Street, ...

and

Paul Galdone Paul Galdone (June 2, 1907 – November 7, 1986) was an illustrator and writer known best for children's picture books. Early life He was born in Budapest and he emigrated to the United States in 1921. He studied art at the Art Student's League ...

. * '' Technological Threat'', a 1988 American animated short made by Brian Jennings and Bill Kroyer and was produced by Kroyer Films. * '' DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp'', a 1990 American animated adventure fantasy film based on the animated television series

DuckTales DuckTales refers to: Film and television * ''DuckTales'' (1987 TV series), original TV series ** '' DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp'' * ''DuckTales'' (2017 TV series), reboot TV series Video games * ''DuckTales'' (video game) ...

. * '' Tom and Jerry: The Movie'', a 1992 American

animated Animation is a filmmaking technique whereby image, still images are manipulated to create Motion picture, moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on cel, transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and e ...

musical Musical is the adjective of music. Musical may also refer to: * Musical theatre, a performance art that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance * Musical film Musical film is a film genre in which songs by the Character (arts), charac ...

comedy film The comedy film is a film genre that emphasizes humor. These films are designed to amuse audiences and make them laugh. Films in this genre typically have a happy ending, with dark comedy being an exception to this rule. Comedy is one of the o ...

based on the characters ''

Tom and Jerry ''Tom and Jerry'' is an American Animated cartoon, animated media franchise and series of comedy short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Best known for its 161 theatrical short films by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the series ...

'' created by

William Hanna William Denby Hanna (July 14, 1910 – March 22, 2001) was an American animator, voice actor, and musician who is best known for co-creating ''Tom and Jerry'' and providing the vocal effects for the series' title characters. Alongside Joseph B ...

and

Joseph Barbera Joseph Roland Barbera ( ; ; March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an American animator and cartoonist, best known as the co-founder of the animation studio Hanna-Barbera. Born to Italian Americans, Italian immigrants in New York City, Bar ...

. * ''

Felidae Felidae ( ) is the Family (biology), family of mammals in the Order (biology), order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is also called a felid ( ). The 41 extant taxon, extant Felidae species exhibit the gre ...

'', a 1994 German adult animated mystery film directed by Michael Schaack, written by Martin Kluger, Stefaan Schieder and

Akif Pirinçci Akif Pirinçci (; born 20 October 1959) is a Turkish-born German writer who is best known internationally for his novel ''Felidae''. After a highly controversial speech for the Pegida movement in 2015, he had his contracts cancelled and works d ...

, and based on Pirinçci's 1989 novel of the same name. * ''

The Rugrats Movie ''The Rugrats Movie'' is a 1998 American animated comedy film based on the Nickelodeon animated television series ''Rugrats''. It was directed by Igor Kovalyov and Norton Virgien and was written by David N. Weiss & J. David Stem. The film fea ...

'' (1998) * ''

Tarzan Tarzan (John Clayton, Viscount Greystoke) is a fictional character, a feral child raised in the African jungle by the Mangani great apes; he later experiences civilization, only to reject it and return to the wild as a heroic adventurer. Creat ...

'', a 1999 American animated adventure film based on the 1912 story "

Tarzan of the Apes ''Tarzan of the Apes'' is a 1912 novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, and the first in the Tarzan series. The story was first printed in the pulp magazine '' The All-Story'' in October 1912 before being released as a novel in June 191 ...

" by

Edgar Rice Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction, and fantasy genres. Best known for creating the characters Tarzan (who appeared in ...

. * ''

The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle may refer to: Television and film *'' The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends'', an American animated television series 1959–1964 * ''The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle'' (film), a 2000 Americ ...

'' (2000) * ''

Help! I'm a Fish ''Help! I'm a Fish'' (; also known as ''A Fish Tale'') is a 2000 animated science fantasy musical film directed by Stefan Fjeldmark, Greg Manwaring, and Michael Hegner, and written by Fjeldmark, Karsten Kiilerich, John Stefan Olsen, and Tracy J. ...

'', a 2000 Danish-German-Irish traditionally animated science fantasy musical film. * '' Rugrats in Paris: The Movie'' (2000) * '' The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire'', a 2000 American direct-to-video

adventure An adventure is an exciting experience or undertaking that is typically bold, sometimes risky. Adventures may be activities with danger such as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river rafting, or other extreme spo ...

drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a g ...

and the seventh film in ''

The Land Before Time ''The Land Before Time'' is a franchise consisting of American animated film, animated Adventure film, adventure Children's film, family films centered around dinosaurs, including a Movie theater, theatrical movie, various Direct-to-video, st ...

'' series, produced and directed by

Charles Grosvenor Charles Grosvenor (born June 2, 1952) is an American film director. Early work Originally from Hillsdale, New Jersey, he moved to Los Angeles in 1978 to work in the animation industry, at a time when most of the work was still being done in the ...

. * ''

The Little Polar Bear ''The Little Polar Bear'' (in ) is a franchise about a polar bear cub named Lars who first starred in a number of books written by Dutch author, Hans de Beer. The first of several animated adaptations of the books is a Japanese original video an ...

'', a 2001 German animated film based on Hans de Beer books. * '' Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron'', a 2002 American animated Western film. * ''

Lilo & Stitch ''Lilo & Stitch'' () is a 2002 American animated Science fiction film, science fiction comedy-drama film, comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. It was written and directed by Chris Sanders and De ...

'', a 2002 American animated science-fiction comedy-drama film. * ''

Treasure Planet ''Treasure Planet'' is a 2002 American animated science fiction film, science fiction adventure film directed by John Musker and Ron Clements and written by Musker, Clements and Rob Edwards (screenwriter), Rob Edwards. Produced by Walt Disney ...

'' a 2002 American animated science-fiction adventure film. * ''

Rugrats Go Wild ''Rugrats Go Wild'' is a 2003 American animated crossover adventure film based on the Nickelodeon animated television series ''Rugrats'' and ''The Wild Thornberrys''. It is the final installment of both the ''Rugrats'' and ''The Wild Thornberr ...

'' (2003) * ''

Stitch! The Movie ''Stitch! The Movie'' is a 2003 American direct-to-video animation, animated science fiction comedy film, comedy film produced by Disney Television Animation, Walt Disney Television Animation and Rough Draft Korea, released on August 26, 2003. ...

'', a 2003 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy film * ''

Brother Bear ''Brother Bear'' is a 2003 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Aaron Blaise and Robert Walker and produced by Chuck Williams, f ...

'', a 2003 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film. * '' Hot Wheels: World Race'', a 2003 animated direct-to-video film. * '' Appleseed'', a 2004 Japanese animated film. * '' Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers'', a 2004 American

direct-to-video Direct-to-video or straight-to-video refers to the release of a film, television series, short or special to the public immediately on home video formats rather than an initial theatrical release or television premiere. This distribution strat ...

adventure film The adventure film is a broad genre of film. Some early genre studies found it no different than the Western film or argued that adventure could encompass all Hollywood genres. Commonality was found among historians Brian Taves and Ian Cameron in ...

based on the

film adaptation A film adaptation transfers the details or story of an existing source text, such as a novel, into a feature film. This transfer can involve adapting most details of the source text closely, including characters or plot points, or the original sou ...

s of the 1844 novel ''

The Three Musketeers ''The Three Musketeers'' () is a French historical adventure novel written and published in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is the first of the author's three d'Artagnan Romances. As with some of his other works, he wrote it in col ...

'' by

Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (born Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas , was a French novelist and playwright. His works have been translated into many languages and he is one of the mos ...

and the ''

Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse is an American cartoon character co-created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. The longtime icon and mascot of the Walt Disney Company, Mickey is an anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large shoes, and white ...

'' film series by

Walt Disney Walter Elias Disney ( ; December 5, 1901December 15, 1966) was an American animator, film producer, voice actor, and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the Golden age of American animation, American animation industry, he introduced several develop ...

and

Ub Iwerks Ubbe Ert "Ub" Iwerks ( ; March 24, 1901 – July 7, 1971), was an American animator, cartoonist, character designer, Invention, inventor, and special effects technician, known for his work with Walt Disney Animation Studios in general, and f ...

. * '' Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch'', a 2005 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy-drama film produced by the Australian office of

Disneytoon Studios Disneytoon Studios (DTS), originally named Disney MovieToons and also formerly Walt Disney Video Premieres, was an American animation studio which created direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio was a division ...

. * '' Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild'', a 2005 American animated comedy film. * ''

Leroy & Stitch ''Leroy & Stitch'' is a 2006 American animated science fiction comedy television film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It was written by Bobs Gannaway and Jess Winfield, the latter of whom also served as producer alongside Igor Kh ...

'', a 2006 American animated science fiction comedy television film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. * ''Disney DVD Game World: Disney Dogs Edition'' (2006) * ''

The Simpsons Movie ''The Simpsons Movie'' is a 2007 American Animation, animated comedy film based on the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox animated sitcom ''The Simpsons'' created by Matt Groening. The film was directed by series veteran David Silverman (animator) ...

'', a 2007 American animated

based on the

Fox Foxes are small-to-medium-sized omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull; upright, triangular ears; a pointed, slightly upturned snout; and a long, bushy tail ("brush"). Twelve species ...

animated sitcom ''

The Simpsons ''The Simpsons'' is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening, James L. Brooks and Sam Simon for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is a Satire (film and television), satirical depiction of American life ...

'' by

Matt Groening Matthew Abram Groening ( ; born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, and animator. He is best known as the creator of the television series ''The Simpsons'' (1989–present), ''Futurama'' (1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2 ...

. * ''

Garfield Gets Real ''Garfield Gets Real'' (also known as ''Garfield 3D'' in some regions) is a 2007 American animated adventure comedy film based on the comic strip ''Garfield''. It was produced by Paws, Inc. in cooperation with Davis Entertainment, and The An ...

'' (also known as ''Garfield 3D'' in some regions), a 2007 American

based on the comic strip ''

Garfield ''Garfield'' is an American comic strip created by Jim Davis (cartoonist), Jim Davis. Originally published locally as ''Jon'' in 1976 (later changed to ''Garfield'' in 1977), then in nationwide Print syndication, syndication from 1978, it chro ...

''. * ''

Chocolate Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa beans that can be a liquid, solid, or paste, either by itself or to flavoring, flavor other foods. Cocoa beans are the processed seeds of the cacao tree (''Theobroma cacao''); unprocesse ...

'', a 2008 Thai

martial arts film Martial arts films are a subgenre of action films that feature martial arts combat between characters. These combats are usually the films' primary appeal and entertainment value, and often are a method of storytelling and character expression a ...

starring Yanin "Jeeja" Vismistananda in her debut film performance. It is directed by

Prachya Pinkaew Prachya Pinkaew (; ; born September 2, 1962) is a Thai film director, film producer and screenwriter. His films include '' Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior'' and ''Tom-Yum-Goong'', both martial arts films starring Tony Jaa. Biography Prachya graduated ...

, with

martial arts Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defence; military and law enforcement applications; combat sport, competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; ...

choreography by

Panna Rittikrai Panna Rittikrai (; ) or birth name Krittiya Lardphanna (; , February 17, 1961 – July 20, 2014) was a Thai martial arts action choreographer, film director, screenwriter, and actor. The head of the Muay Thai Stunt team (previously known as P.P. ...

. It also stars Hiroshi Abe and

Pongpat Wachirabunjong Pongpat Wachirabunjong (; ) is a Thai singer, actor, film director and TV series director and producer. He graduated in bachelor in health of physical education from Srinakharinwirot University. He is well known in Thailand for his role in the ...

. * '' Paperman'', a 2012 American black-and-white computer-cel animated short film. * '' Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess'' (2012) * '' Khail Girban's The Prophet'', a 2014 animated film computer cel. * ''

Feast A banquet (; ) is a formal large meal where a number of people consume food together. Banquets are traditionally held to enhance the prestige of a host, or reinforce social bonds among joint contributors. Modern examples of these purposes inc ...

'', a 2014 American 2D animated romantic comedy short film. * ''

The Peanuts Movie ''The Peanuts Movie'' (known in some countries as ''Snoopy and Charlie Brown: A Peanuts Movie'') is a 2015 American animated comedy film based on Charles M. Schulz's comic strip ''Peanuts'', produced by 20th Century Fox Animation and Blue Sky ...

'' (2015) * '' Mutafukaz: Operation Blackhead'', a 2017 crime short film that became the basis for the comic book for the same name produced by Run. * '' Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' (2018) * '' Tom & Jerry'' (2021) * '' Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers'' (2022) * '' Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse'' (2023) * ''

Nimona ''Nimona'' is a science fantasy graphic novel by American cartoonist ND Stevenson. The story follows the title character, a shapeshifter who joins the disgraced knight Ballister Blackheart in his plans to destroy the over-controlling Institut ...

'' (2023) * ''

Once Upon a Studio ''Once Upon a Studio'' is a 2023 American live-action/animated crossover fantasy comedy short film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios in celebration of the Walt Disney Company's centennial. Written and directed by Dan Abraham and Trent C ...

'', a 2023 American live-action/animated fantasy comedy crossover short film. * ''

Wish A wish is a hope or desire for something. In fiction, wishes can be used as plot devices. In folklore, opportunities for "making a wish" or for wishes to "come true" or "be granted" are themes that are sometimes used. Sociology Several cu ...

'', a 2023 American animated musical film. * '' Big City Greens the Movie: Spacecation'', a 2024 American animated

science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...

directed by Anna O'Brian and based on the

Disney Channel Disney Channel is an American pay television television channel, channel that serves as the flagship (broadcasting), flagship property of Disney Branded Television, a unit of the Disney Entertainment business segment of the Walt Disney Company ...

animated television series ''

Big City Greens ''Big City Greens'' is an American animated sitcom created by the Houghton Brothers that premiered on Disney Channel on June 18, 2018. The series follows the Green family—siblings Cricket and Tilly, their father Bill, and their Gramma Alice—a ...

'', created by The Houghton Brothers. * ''

Smurfs ''The Smurfs'' (; ) is a Belgian comic franchise centered on a fictional colony of small, blue, humanoid creatures who live in mushroom-shaped houses in the forest. ''The Smurfs'' was created and introduced as a series of comic characters by ...

(2025) * '' Coyote vs. Acme'' (TBA) *

The Pink Panther ''The Pink Panther'' is an American media franchise primarily focusing on a series of comedy-mystery films featuring an inept French police detective, Inspector Clouseau, Inspector Jacques Clouseau. The franchise began with the release of the fil ...

reboot by

Jeff Fowler Jeff Fowler is an American film director and animator. He is best known for directing the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' film series. He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for '' Gopher Broke'' (2004). Career Fowler ...

Television

* ''

TaleSpin ''TaleSpin'' is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It first aired in 1990 as a preview-run on The Disney Channel before beginning its main run in syndication later that year as part of the pro ...

'' - an American animated television series first aired in 1990 as a preview on

and later that year as part of ''

The Disney Afternoon The Disney Afternoon (later known internally as the Disney-Kellogg Alliance when unbranded), sometimes abbreviated as TDA, was a created-for- syndication two-hour programming block of animated television series. It was produced by Walt Disney T ...

''. * '' Mighty Ducks'' - a 1996 American animated television series. * ''

Futurama ''Futurama'' is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company and later revived by Comedy Central, and then Hulu. The series follows Philip J. Fry, who is cryogenically preserved for 1 ...

'' - a 1999 animated

sitcom A sitcom (short for situation comedy or situational comedy) is a genre of comedy produced for radio and television, that centers on a recurring cast of character (arts), characters as they navigate humorous situations within a consistent settin ...

created by

for the

Fox Broadcasting Company Fox Broadcasting Company, LLC (commonly known as Fox; stylized in all caps) is an Television in the United States, American commercial broadcasting, commercial broadcast television broadcaster, television network serving as the flagship proper ...

and later revived by

Comedy Central Comedy Central is an American Cable television in the United States, cable television channel, channel owned by Paramount Global through its Paramount Media Networks, network division's Paramount Media Networks#MTV Entertainment Group, MTV Ente ...

, and then

Hulu Hulu (, ) is an American Subscription business model, subscription streaming media service owned by Disney Streaming, a subsidiary of the Disney Entertainment segment of the Walt Disney Company. It was launched on October 29, 2007, initially as ...

. * '' Molly, Star-Racer'' - a 2001 French television pilot produced by Sparx Animation Studios * ''

Finger Tips ''Finger Tips'' is a British children's television series that aired on CITV and was broadcast from 3 September 2001 to 14 December 2008. It was produced by The Foundation. Format ''Finger Tips'' is an arts and crafts series that centres around ...

'' - a 2001 British

children's television series Children's television series (or children's television shows) are Television show, television programs designed specifically for Child, children. They are typically characterised by easy-going content devoid of sensitive or adult themes and are ...

that aired on

CITV CITV is a British children's morning programming block on ITV2 and formerly a free-to-air channel owned by ITV plc. CITV, then Children's ITV, launched on 3 January 1983 as a late afternoon programming block on the ITV network for children aged ...

and was broadcast from 3 September 2001 to 14 December 2008. It was produced by The Foundation. * '' Spider-Man: The New Animated Series'' - a 2003 Canadian-American television series produced by

Mainframe Studios Mainframe Studios is a Canadian animation studio owned by Wow Unlimited Media and based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Founded in 1993 as Mainframe Entertainment Inc. by Christopher Brough, Ian Pearson, Phil Mitchell, Gavin Blair and John Gr ...

Marvel Enterprises Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Entertainment, Inc. and Marvel Enterprises, Inc.) was an American entertainment company founded in June 1998 and based in New York City, formed by the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group and Toy Biz. ...

Adelaide Productions Adelaide Productions Inc. (also referred to as Sony Television Animation) is a television animation division of Sony Pictures Television that was founded on April 12, 1993 by Columbia Pictures Television. Unlike other animation studios, it does ...

, and

Sony Pictures Television Sony Pictures Television Inc. (abbreviated as SPT) is an American television production company, production and broadcast syndication, distribution studio. Based at the Sony Pictures Studios complex in Culver City, California, it is a division o ...

* '' Boo!'' - a 2003 British television series produced by

Tell-Tale Productions Wish Films is an animation and live-action studio, established by Will Brenton and Iain Lauchlan in 2006. It is the successor to Tell-Tale Productions, which was formed in 1994, first producing live shows, and later went on to produce TV shows. ...

* ''

'' - a 2003 American animated television series produced by

Walt Disney Television Animation Disney Television Animation (DTVA; also shortened to Disney TVA), formerly known as Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group and Walt Disney Television Animation, is an American animation production company that serves as the television a ...

* '' Dragon Booster'' - a 2004 Canadian television series produced by

Nerd Corps Entertainment Nerd Corps Entertainment was a Canadian animation studio located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Founded by former Mainframe Studios producers Asaph Fipke and Chuck Johnson in 2002, it specialized in CGI animation, computer animation, and Fl ...

* ''

Handy Manny ''Handy Manny'' is an animated preschool children's television series that premiered on September 16, 2006, originally as part of Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney block, and aired until February 14, 2013. Created by Roger Bollen and Marilyn ...

'' - a 2006 American-Canadian children's television series produced by

Nelvana Nelvana Limited (; also known as Nelvana Enterprises, Nelvana International or Nelvana Digital; commonly known as Nelvana; stylized as "nelvana") is a Canadian animation studio and entertainment production company owned by Corus Entertainment s ...

* '' Z-Squad'' - a 2006 South Korean-Canadian magical girl television series produced by Enemes, SBS,

CJ Entertainment CJ ENM Films & Television, formerly CJ Entertainment, () is a South Korean entertainment, film production, and distribution company under CJ ENM Entertainment Division. The company operates as a film production company, film publishing house, in ...

Daiwon C&A Holdings Daewon Media (), formerly Daiwon C&A Holdings, is a South Korean company specializing in character and animation-related business. Founded in 1973, Daewon's subsidiaries include Daewon C.I., Haksan Publishing, and Daewon Broadcasting; it is inv ...

and

, SOVIK * ''

'' - a 2007 American animated television series, based on The Land Before Time film series created by Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss * ''

Storm Hawks ''Storm Hawks'' is a Canadian animated television series created by Asaph Fipke and produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment. It premiered on YTV in Canada on September 8, 2007, and on Cartoon Network in the United States on May 25, 2007. Plot ...

'' - a 2007 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment * ''

League of Super Evil ''League of Super Evil'' (initialized as ''L.O.S.E.'' or ''LOSE'') is a Canadian animated comedy television series co-created by Philippe Ivanusic-Vallee, Davila LeBlanc and Peter Ricq and developed by Asaph Fipke. Inspired by a comedy sketch ...

'' - a 2009 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment * ''

Max Steel ''Max Steel'' is a discontinued American media franchise produced and owned by the multinational company Mattel. Originally released as a line of action figures marketed from 1999 to 2022, the Max Steel name has expanded to live-action films, a ...

'' a 2013 American-Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment,

Mattel Mattel, Inc. ( ) is an American multinational corporation, multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company headquartered in El Segundo, California. Founded in Los Angeles by Harold Matson and the husband-and-wife duo of Ruth Handler, ...

* ''

Bunny Maloney ''Bunny Maloney'' is a French-Irish animated television series created by Studio Tanuki and directed by Stéphane Stoll. The series is produced by MoonScoop, in co-production with Telegael. It was based on an animated short called ''The Attack ...

'' - a 2009 French television series produced by

MoonScoop Group MoonScoop S.A. also known as the MoonScoop Group was a French television production company and animation company that created and published animated television series. Its corporate headquarters were located in Paris, France, along with offices ...

France 2 France 2 () is a French free-to-air public television channel. The flagship channel of France Télévisions, it broadcasts generalist programming including news, entertainment (such as dramas, films, and game shows), factual programmes, and sp ...

, and Telegael * '' Iron Man: Armored Adventures'' - a 2009 French-American television series produced by

Marvel Animation Marvel Animation Inc. is an American animation production company. It was incorporated on January 25, 2008, to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets. The incorporated Marvel Animation included then ongoing animatio ...

* ''

Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 ''Hot Wheels Battle Force 5'' is an animated science fiction television series created by Mattel, Nelvana, and Nerd Corps Entertainment, based on the Hot Wheels toy line by the American toy maker, Mattel which was introduced in 1968. A two-epis ...

'' - a 2009 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment and Nelvana * '' Rated A for Awesome'' - a 2011 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment * ''

Slugterra ''Slugterra'' is a Canadian animated television series created by Asaph Fipke. The series was produced by the Canadian animation studio Nerd Corps Entertainment, later part of DHX Media (now known as "WildBrain"). It premiered on Disney XD ...

'' a 2012 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment * ''

Sofia the First ''Sofia the First'' is an American animated fantasy children's television series created and developed by Craig Gerber (creator), Craig Gerber for Disney Television Animation and Disney Jr. The series follows a young peasant girl named Sofia, ...

'', a 2013 American animated fantasy children's television. * ''

Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ''Last Week Tonight with John Oliver'' (often abridged as ''Last Week Tonight'') is an American news satire late-night talk show hosted by comedian John Oliver. The half-hour-long show premiered in the end of April 2014 on HBO and currently has ...

'' - a 2014 American late-night talk and news satire television series produced by

HBO Home Box Office (HBO) is an American pay television service, which is the flagship property of namesake parent-subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office business unit is based a ...

- Episode 7:

Immigration Reform Immigration reform is change to the current immigration policy of a country. In its strict definition, ''reform'' means "to change into an improved form or condition, by amending or removing faults or abuses". In the political sense, "immigratio ...

* ''

Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks ''Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks'' (stylized as ''ALVINNN!!! and The Chipmunks'') is a children's animated musical comedy television series created by Janice Karman. Produced by Bagdasarian Productions and Technicolor Animation Productions (form ...

'' - a French-American animated musical comedy television series created by

Janice Karman Janice Karman Bagdasarian is an American filmmaker, designer, actress, and singer. She is the co-owner of Bagdasarian Productions with her husband Ross Bagdasarian Jr. Early life Karman was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father was ps ...

. Produced by

Bagdasarian Productions Bagdasarian Productions (also credited as Bagdasarian Company) is an American production company founded by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. (also known as David Seville) on February 20, 1961. The company holds the rights to Alvin and the Chipmunks and re ...

and

Technicolor Animation Productions OuiDo! Productions (formerly known as Timoon Animation, Genao Productions and Technicolor Animation Productions) is a French-based entertainment production company that served as a production arm part of the French visual effects and animation c ...

(formerly known as OuiDo! Productions in season 1) with the participation of M6, it features

Alvin and the Chipmunks Alvin and the Chipmunks, originally David Seville and the Chipmunks and billed for their first two decades as the Chipmunks, are an American animated virtual band and media franchise first created by Ross Bagdasarian for Novelty records in ...

and

the Chipettes The Chipettes are a Fiction, fictional girl group from the ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' franchise consisting of three female anthropomorphic chipmunk singers: Brittany, Jeanette, and Eleanor, alongside their adoptive human mother, Beatrice Mille ...

and marks their first television appearance together since 1990. First announced by Bagdasarian Productions in 2010, a promotional trailer for the series was posted on

YouTube YouTube is an American social media and online video sharing platform owned by Google. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim who were three former employees of PayPal. Headquartered in ...

. Animation and half of the show's storyboards are handled by Technicolor Productions in France, while Bagdasarian Productions in the U.S. is in charge of voice recording and music production. The series is primarily distributed by

PGS Entertainment PGS Entertainment is a French-Swiss privately owned investment family group dedicated to the financing and brand management of independent producers' children's television programming. PGS' broadcast and media partners include Nickelodeon, Disney ...

, a French brand management company. It premiered on M6 on March 30, 2015. In August 2015, Nickelodeon acquired the American broadcast rights to the series. It also airs in

Teletoon Cartoon Network (formerly Teletoon) is a Canadian English-language discretionary specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment. The channel primarily broadcasts animated series aimed at children and teenagers. It was launched on October 17 ...

and Family Channel in Canada. * ''

Regal Academy ''Regal Academy'' is an Italian animated series co-created by Iginio Straffi and Joanne Lee. The series was produced by the Rainbow studio, which at the time was co-owned by Straffi and Viacom. It premiered on Rai YoYo in Italy on May 22, 2016 ...

'' - a 2016 Italian television series produced by

Rainbow S.p.A. Rainbow S.p.A. is an Italian studio founded by Iginio Straffi and co-owned by Viacom (later Paramount Global) from 2011 to 2023. Rainbow has collaborated with Viacom/Paramount's other company, Nickelodeon, on multiple shows, including ''Winx Clu ...

* ''

Disenchantment In social science, disenchantment () is the cultural rationalization and devaluation of religion apparent in modern society. The term was borrowed from Friedrich Schiller by Max Weber to describe the character of a modernized, bureaucratic, ...

'' - a 2018 American

satirical Satire is a genre of the visual arts, visual, literature, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently Nonfiction, non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ...

fantasy Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction that involves supernatural or Magic (supernatural), magical elements, often including Fictional universe, imaginary places and Legendary creature, creatures. The genre's roots lie in oral traditions, ...

sitcom created by

for

Netflix Netflix is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows from various genres, and it is available internationally in multiple lang ...

. * ''

Star Wars Resistance ''Star Wars Resistance'' is an American 3D animated comic science fiction television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation. It follows Kazuda Xiono, a New Republic pilot who is recruited by the Resistance to spy on the growing threat of ...

'' - a 2018 American television series produced by

Lucasfilm Animation Lucasfilm Animation Ltd. LLC is an American animation studio and subsidiary of Lucasfilm, originally established in 2005. Its first major productions were the feature film '' Star Wars: The Clone Wars'' and its associated television series, both ...

Love, Death & Robots ''Love, Death & Robots'' (stylized as LOVE DEATH + ROBOTS; represented in emoji form as ❤️❌🤖) is an adult animation, adult animated Anthology series, anthology television series created by Tim Miller (director), Tim Miller and streamin ...

a 2019 American

Adult animated An adult is an animal that has reached full growth. The biological definition of the word means an animal reaching sexual maturity and thus capable of reproduction. In the human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and ...

anthology In book publishing, an anthology is a collection of literary works chosen by the compiler; it may be a collection of plays, poems, short stories, songs, or related fiction/non-fiction excerpts by different authors. There are also thematic and g ...

series produced by

Blur Studio Blur Studio Inc. is an American visual effects and computer animation company which specializes in CGI visual effects, CGI animation, and CGI design. Located in Culver City, California, the studio has produced CGI-animated films, teasers and ad sp ...

for Netflix * '' What If...?'' - a 2021

Marvel Studios Marvel Studios, LLC, formerly known as Marvel Films, is an American film and television production company. Marvel Studios is the creator of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), a media franchise and shared universe of films and television ser ...

alternate history Alternate history (also referred to as alternative history, allohistory, althist, or simply A.H.) is a subgenre of speculative fiction in which one or more historical events have occurred but are resolved differently than in actual history. As ...

television series set in the

Marvel Cinematic Universe The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films, a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are based on characters that appe ...

* ''

Arcane Arcane may refer to: Comics and literature * Anton Arcane, a DC Comics character * Arcane Jill Watson, a fictional character in ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'' franchise * Arcane literature, fictional literature in the Cthulhu Mythos ...

'' - a 2021

adult animated An adult is an animal that has reached full growth. The biological definition of the word means an animal reaching sexual maturity and thus capable of reproduction. In the human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and ...

steampunk Steampunk is a subgenre of science fiction that incorporates retrofuturistic technology and Applied arts, aesthetics inspired by, but not limited to, 19th-century Industrial Revolution, industrial steam engine, steam-powered machinery. Steampun ...

action Action may refer to: * Action (philosophy), something which is done by a person * Action principles the heart of fundamental physics * Action (narrative), a literary mode * Action fiction, a type of genre fiction * Action game, a genre of video gam ...

television series created by Christian Linke and Alex Yee. It was produced by the French

animation Animation is a filmmaking technique whereby still images are manipulated to create moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animati ...

studio

Fortiche Fortiche Production SAS is a French animation studio headquartered in Paris with a branch in Las Palmas (Spain). It is known for the hit television series ''Arcane.'' Development Fortiche Production SAS was founded in 2009 and initially creat ...

* ''

Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man ''Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man'' is an American animated television series created by Jeff Trammell for the streaming service Disney+, based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Spider-Man. It is the 12th television series in the ...

'' - a 2025 American animated television series created by Jeff Trammell for the streaming service

Disney+ The Walt Disney Company, commonly referred to as simply Disney, is an American multinational mass media and entertainment industry, entertainment conglomerate (company), conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios (Burbank), Walt Di ...

, based on the

Marvel Comics Marvel Comics is a New York City–based comic book publishing, publisher, a property of the Walt Disney Company since December 31, 2009, and a subsidiary of Disney Publishing Worldwide since March 2023. Marvel was founded in 1939 by Martin G ...

character

Spider-Man Spider-Man is a superhero in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he first appearance, first appeared in the anthology comic book ''Amazing Fantasy'' #15 (August 1962) in ...

Video games

References

External links

IGN: ''Jet Set Radio'' review
Retrieved August 4, 2005.
GameDev.net – Cel-Shading
Retrieved August 5, 2005 (

Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by Internet Archive, an American nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. Launched for public access in 2001, the service allows users to go "back in ...

copy). * . Retrieved August 7, 2014. {{Animation Animation techniques Computer animation Shading

Basic process

Outlines

Wireframe method

Edge-detection method

In video games

Lists of cel-shaded media

Film

Television

Video games

See also

References

External links