Caxias Do Sul
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Caxias do Sul () is a city in
Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, ; ; "Great River of the South") is a Federative units of Brazil, state in the South Region, Brazil, southern region of Brazil. It is the Federative units of Brazil#List, fifth-most populous state and the List of Brazilian s ...
,
Southern Brazil The South Region of Brazil ( ) is one of the five regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina, and covers , being the smallest region of the country, occupying only about 6.76% of the territory of ...
, situated in the state's mountainous Serra Gaúcha region. It was established by Italian immigrants on June 20, 1890. Today it is the second
largest city The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, the extent of their urban area, or their metrop ...
in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In 2020, the population of Caxias do Sul was estimated at 517,451 people, many of whom are of Italian and German descent. The demonym of the citizens of Caxias do Sul is ''Caxiense''.


History

The history of Caxias do Sul began before the arrival of the Italian immigrants when the region was being roamed by cattlemen and occupied by
Indigenous peoples There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...
. The region was called "Indians' Field" in that period. The arrival of Italian immigrants, mostly farmers in search of a better life from the
Veneto Veneto, officially the Region of Veneto, is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the Northeast Italy, north-east of the country. It is the fourth most populous region in Italy, with a population of 4,851,851 as of 2025. Venice is t ...
,
Lombardy The Lombardy Region (; ) is an administrative regions of Italy, region of Italy that covers ; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population. Lombardy is ...
,
Trento Trento ( or ; Ladin language, Ladin and ; ; ; ; ; ), also known in English as Trent, is a city on the Adige, Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the Trentino, autonomous province of Trento. In the 16th ...
(
northern Italy Northern Italy (, , ) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. The Italian National Institute of Statistics defines the region as encompassing the four Northwest Italy, northwestern Regions of Italy, regions of Piedmo ...
) as well as other regions in Italy, began in 1875 in Nova Milano. Although they received governmental support such as tools, supplies, and seeds, everything had to be reimbursed to the federal government.''Nome''
. Prefeitura Municipal. Acesso 25 set 2010
Two years later, the colonial headquarters of the Indians' Field was given the name Caxias Colony. The town was created on July 20, 1890, and acknowledged in the same year, on August 24. Many economic cycles marked the evolution of the city throughout that century. The first one is connected to the most significant aspect of its cultural identity: the cultivation of vineyards and the production of wine, first for its own consumption, and later on, for commercialization.Giron, pp. 10–12 On June 1, 1910, Caxias do Sul was elevated to the category of city. On the same day, the first train arrived connecting the region to the state capital. Although the immigrants were farmers, many of them worked in other economic sectors. They settled down, urbanized the region, and started a fast-paced process of industrialization. In the countryside,
subsistence agriculture Subsistence agriculture occurs when farmers grow crops on smallholdings to meet the needs of themselves and their families. Subsistence agriculturalists target farm output for survival and for mostly local requirements. Planting decisions occu ...
concentrates on the cultivation of grapes, wheat, and corn. Home-based manufacturing started to emerge and overproduction was commercialized. Home-based manufacturing and Caxias do Sul evolved from having small home-based workshops to large scale factories, some of which are known internationally. Nowadays, Caxias do Sul is an important city, and due to its industrious colonists, is home to vast vineyards, wineries, a varied industrial park, and a rich and dynamic market. Those attributes grant the land great importance; for such reason Caxias do Sul is often called "Pearl of the Colonies", is considered the center of the Italian presence in Southern Brazil. Today Caxias do Sul is one of the region's central hubs, hosting some of Brazil's most diverse economies besides its size; with its industrial parks, vast vineyards, wine commerce, cattle and plantation farms give the land a further dimension.


Caxiense

A ''Caxiense'' () is a citizen of the city of Caxias do Sul. A possible anglicization of Caxiense would be ''Caxian''. Caxiense is also the name of a bus line with headquarters in Caxias do Sul. Caxiense provides transport service with a fleet of coaches to cities in the Serra Gaúcha. Caxiense also offers a bus service from Caxias do Sul to
Porto Alegre Porto Alegre (, ; , ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian Federative units of Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population of roughly 1.4 million inhabitants (2022) makes it the List of largest cities in Brazil, 11th-most p ...
and the Porto Alegre Salgado Filho International Airport.


Demographics

The following table shows the development of the number of inhabitants according to census data of
IBGE The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (; IBGE) is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil. IBGE performs a decennial national cen ...
.


Languages

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. Elderly people can often speak
Talian Talian may refer to: Places * Talian, Iran, a village in Tehran province, Iran * Dhok Talian, a village in Punjab, Pakistan People * Jozef Talian (born 1985), Slovak footballer Other uses *Talian dialect Talian (, ), or Brazilian Venetian, or ...
, a regional language based on Venetian but also very much influenced by other Italian dialects and by Portuguese.


Geography

Caxias do Sul is a city in
Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, ; ; "Great River of the South") is a Federative units of Brazil, state in the South Region, Brazil, southern region of Brazil. It is the Federative units of Brazil#List, fifth-most populous state and the List of Brazilian s ...
, situated in the state's mountainous Serra Gaúcha region.


Climate

The city is located in the mountains of the Serra Gaucha, above sea level.Beretta, Pier Luigi. ''Boletim Geográfico 243''. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 33(243), nov./dez., 1974. pp. 5–10. Under the
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
, Caxias do Sul features a temperate oceanic climate (
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (1951–2014), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author ...
: ''Cfb)''. The average annual temperature is 16 °C (60.8 °F). In July, the coldest month, the average high temperature is 16 °C (62.6 °F) and the average low is 8 °C (46.4 °F); in January, the hottest, they are 26 °C (78.8 °F) and 17 °C (60.8 °F), respectively. Frosts are common in the winter and
snow Snow consists of individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water througho ...
can occur, but it is less common. The last significant snowfalls were recorded in August 2013, when 10–15 cm of snow fell over the city, and in July 2021.


Economy

In Caxias do Sul, several small, medium, large and multinational companies were founded. The city is recognized as an Entrepreneurial-Exporting Hub in the country. Some of these companies are: * Marcopolo (buses and truck frames, present in six countries) *Randon S.A. – Implementos e Participações is a mixed holding company, leader of a group of seven companies that employ a workforce of 6,6 thousand employees. They operate in the sectors of road equipment / railway wagons / specialty vehicles/ auto parts/ automotive systems, and services; *Agrale S/A which owns 4 industrial plants, being the only Brazilian company with 100% national capital making vehicles, tractors and diesel engines; * Tramontina silverware company based in neighbouring Carlos Barbosa with plants throughout Brazil; * Grendene, the biggest Brazilian manufacturer of shoes based in neighboring
Farroupilha Farroupilha is a city in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the Serra Gaúcha between the cities of Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul. The city's total area is 359.3 km2. Farroupilha has 73,061 residents ...
; * Todeschini, a manufacturer of furniture based in nearby Bento Gonçalves, the wine capital of Brazil; *Hyco Hidrover, a manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders for mobile applications.


Colleges and universities

* Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS); * Centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha (FSG); * Faculdade de Tecnologia (FTEC); * Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS) * Faculdade Anglo-Americano; * Anhanguera Faculdades; * Faculdade América Latina; * Faculdade dos Imigrantes; * and smaller HEIs


Culture

Culture in Caxias do Sul was not greatly favoured by the first Italian settlers, as they were mostly involved with survival concerns in an area until then unexplored. In the beginning of the 20th century, however, there was some cultural interest developing, and some sculptors, painters and decorators made a significant career in the city and around, like as Pietro Stangherlin, Francisco Meneguzzo and the Zambelli family. They left the first examples of artworks worth of mention, specially in
sacred art Religious art is a visual representation of religious ideologies and their relationship with humans. Sacred art directly relates to religious art in the sense that its purpose is for worship and religious practices. According to one set of definit ...
and building decoration. Julio Calegari and Ulysses Geremia, both photographers, also deserve close attention for their huge collections of
portrait A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant. In arts, a portrait may be represented as half body and even full body. If the subject in full body better r ...
s and views of the old city. As of historical architecture, one may find a few eclectic houses built for rich families, public buildings and
Neo-Gothic Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half of the 19th century ...
churches, like as the Cathedral and the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre. The first houses of the immigrants, made of stone, and later traditional wooden buildings, nearly all disappeared as the city developed, but some survive in the rural area, as well as many old chapels."A preservação não recusa o novo". In ''Boletim Memória''. Caxias do Sul: Museu e Arquivo Histórico Municipal, nº4, 1992 Current laws protect every building older than 50 years, but many have been destroyed or altered, despite official protection. The city nowadays has many intensely active museums and cultural centers, both private and official, and the Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS) which sponsors an art gallery, a museum, a huge library and a symphonic orchestra. The city hosted the 2022 Summer Deaflympics between May 1 to 15, 2022, postponed two times due to the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
, becoming the first ever Deaflympics to be ever held in South America and the Latin America.


Tourism and recreation

The city has many tourist attractions: museums, churches, culture, music and all types of leisure activities. Nature can be found in the city and the surroundings.''Apresentação''
Secretaria da Cultura
The city also hosts the National Grape and Wine Festival, which celebrates the Italian heritage. It's one of the most famous events in the country and it's called Festa da Uva, when lots of merrymaking, wine-drinking, grapes and people animate the month of February, every two years (on even-numbered years). Visitors may eat cheese, grapes and various Brazilian wines. Visitors interested in the regions wine can also visit the Château Lacave Castle, a 6th Century-style medieval structure that currently functions as a
winery A winery is a building or property that produces wine, or a business involved in the cultivation and production of wine, such as a wine company. Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feat ...
. Caxias do Sul is also one of the four settlements along the Caminhos da Colônia scenic tourist route in the Serra Gaúcha."Caxias do Sul abre as porteiras para o turismo rural". ''Agência Sebrae de Notícias'', 3 de Agosto de 2009 Air transport is made through Hugo Cantergiani Regional Airport, with a runway measuring 1,939 meters in length, which accommodates
Boeing 737-800 The Boeing 737 Next Generation, commonly abbreviated as 737NG, or 737 Next Gen, is a twinjet, twin-engine narrow-body aircraft produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Launched in 1993 as the third-generation derivative of the Boeing 737, it ha ...
and Embraer 195E2 aircraft with capacities for 186 and 136 passengers respectively, with capacity to operate aircraft of up to 200 seats and annual capacity of 600 thousand passengers.


Football teams

Caxias do Sul is home to the S.E.R. Caxias and Juventude football clubs. Even though both teams have claimed the
Campeonato Gaúcho The Campeonato Gaúcho (English: Gaúcho Championship), officially named as Campeonato Gaúcho de Futebol Série A and commonly known as the Gauchão or the Gauchão Ipiranga (company), Ipiranga for sponsorship reasons, is the top-flight profess ...
, Juventude has accomplished more at a national level, having played in the first division of the Campeonato Brasileiro for more than fifteen seasons and winning the 1999 edition of the
Copa do Brasil The Copa do Brasil () is a knockout football competition played by 92 teams, representing all 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District. It is the Brazilian domestic cup and it is the Brazilian equivalent of the FA Cup, Taça de Portugal, ...
. Caxias has been playing in the fourth division since 2016. Juventude made it back into the first division in 2020. Juventude has the third-largest fan base in the state, just behind the two major teams of the state capital city,
Porto Alegre Porto Alegre (, ; , ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian Federative units of Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population of roughly 1.4 million inhabitants (2022) makes it the List of largest cities in Brazil, 11th-most p ...
.


Sister city

*
Little Rock, Arkansas Little Rock is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Arkansas, most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The city's population was 202,591 as of the 2020 census. The six-county Central Arkan ...
, United States


Notable people

* – brazilian military and politician, former Minister of Communications. * – brazilian businessman, founder of Marcopolo S.A.. * Tite (born 1961), the head coach of the
Brazil national football team The Brazil national football team (), nicknamed ''Seleção Canarinho'' ("Canary Squad", after their bright yellow jersey), represents Brazil in men's international Association football, football and is administered by the Brazilian Football Co ...
* Celso Roth, football coach *
Marcelo Demoliner Marcelo Fedrizzi Demoliner (born 18 January 1989) is a Brazilian professional tennis player, who specializes in doubles. He reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 34 in November 2017. Demoliner has won five doubles titles. He won hi ...
, tennis player * Fernando Kreling, volleyball player * Guilherme Roth, swimmer * Alexandro Pozzer, handball player * Alex Telles (born 1992), football player * André Todescato (born 1982), football player * Bressan (born 1993), football player * Everton Giovanella, football player * Thaisa Serafini, squash player


See also

*
List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul This is a list of the municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), located in the South Region of Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul is divided into 497 municipalities, which are grouped into 35 microregions, which are grouped into 7 mesoregio ...
* Nossa Senhora de Pompéia Hospital *
São Romédio Community The São Romédio Community () is an historic neighbourhood in Caxias do Sul, Brazil. History The community was founded in mid-1876 during the Italian colonization of the Rio Grande do Sul. (Some immigrants had already arrived at Caxias do Sul ...
* Pietro Nosadini * Municipal Museum of Caxias do Sul * Historic Center of Caxias do Sul * João Spadari Adami Municipal Historical Archive


References


External links


City Hall of Caxias do SulStreet Map of Caxias do SulLocal Newspaper "O Pioneiro" (The Pioneer)The University of Caxias do SulJuventude Soccer ClubS.E.R. Caxias Soccer ClubCaxias Bus Station and SchedulesCaxias do Sul Tourist GuideOfficial Festa da Uva Site (The Grape Festival)Chateau Lacave Castle
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caxias Do Sul 1890 establishments in Brazil Populated places established in 1890 Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul