Caturix (
Gaulish
Gaulish was an ancient Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerl ...
for "battle king") was the
war god of the
Helvetii.
Names
Caturix became known as ''Mars Caturix'' in
Gallo-Roman religion
Gallo-Roman religion is a fusion of the traditional religious practices of the Gauls, who were originally Celtic speakers, and the Roman and Hellenistic religions introduced to the region under Roman Imperial rule. It was the result of selecti ...
by
interpretation
Interpretation may refer to:
Culture
* Aesthetic interpretation, an explanation of the meaning of a work of art
* Allegorical interpretation, an approach that assumes a text should not be interpreted literally
* Dramatic Interpretation, an event ...
as
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmos ...
. There was a temple dedicated to Mars Caturix in
Aventicum, the capital of
Roman ''Helvetia'', another one in Nonfoux,
Essertines-sur-Yverdon
Essertines-sur-Yverdon (, literally ''Essertines on Yverdon'') is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
Essertines-sur-Yverdon is first mentioned in 1180 as ''Essertines''.
Geography
Esser ...
.
Other names (epitheta) of Caturix may have been ''
Cicollus
Cicolluis or Cicoluis (also known as Cicollus, Cicolus, Cicollui, and Cichol) is a god in Celtic mythology worshiped by the ancient Gauls and having a parallel in Ireland.
Name
The Gaulish theonym ''Cicollu(i)s'' derives from the stem ''cico'' ...
'' and ''Caisivus''. ''Caturix'' has itself been interpreted as originating as an epithet of
Toutatis
Toutatis or Teutates is a Celtic god who was worshipped primarily in ancient Gaul and Britain. His name means "god of the tribe", and he has been widely interpreted as a tribal protector.Paul-Marie Duval (1993). ''Les dieux de la Gaule.'' Édition ...
.
Etymology
The Gaulish name ''catu-rix'' means 'battle-king' or 'battle-lord', stemming from
Gaulish
Gaulish was an ancient Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerl ...
root ''catu''- ('combat, battle') attached to ''rix'' ('king'). The root ''catu-'' is
cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words in different languages that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Because language change can have radical e ...
to similar words in
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages (usually , but sometimes ) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edwar ...
, including
Old Irish
Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writte ...
''cath'' ('battle, troop') and
Old Welsh
Old Welsh ( cy, Hen Gymraeg) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh.Koch, p. 1757. The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic a ...
''cad'' ('battle'), and is attested in other Celtic personal names such as ''
Catigern''.
[Russell, Paul. "Old Welsh ''Dinacat'', ''Cunedag'', ''Tutagual'': Fossilized Phonology in Brittonic Personal Names". In: ''Indo-European Perspectives: Studies in Honour of Anna Morpugo Davies''. Edited by J. H. W. Penney. Oxford University Press. 2004. pp. 447-460. ]
The Gallic tribe of the
Caturiges
The Caturiges (Gaulish: ''Caturīges'', 'kings of combat') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper Durance valley, around present-day towns of Chorges and Embrun, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Name
They are mentioned as ''Catur ...
('battle-kings'), settling in the area of modern
Chorges (from Latin: ''Caturigumagus'') was apparently named after the god. The capital of the Caturiges was called ''Eburodunum'' (modern
Embrun), i.e. the same name as that of
Yverdon
Yverdon-les-Bains () (called Eburodunum and Ebredunum during the Roman era) is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district. The population of Yverdon-les-Bains, , wa ...
, suggesting a close relationship between the ''Caturiges'' and the ''Helvetii''.
Inscriptions
Five dedicatory inscriptions to Caturix were found in the area settled by the Helvetii, all of them close to
Avenches
Avenches () is a Swiss municipality in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Broye-Vully.
History
The roots of Avenches go back to the Celts. A tribe of Helvetians had built a settlement on the hills of Bois de Châtel, south of th ...
(Aventicum) and
Yverdon
Yverdon-les-Bains () (called Eburodunum and Ebredunum during the Roman era) is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district. The population of Yverdon-les-Bains, , wa ...
(Eburodunum). A sixth inscription has been found in isolation in Böckingen,
Heilbronn
Heilbronn () is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, surrounded by Heilbronn District. With over 126,000 residents, it is the sixth-largest city in the state.
From the late Middle Ages, it developed into an important trading centre. A ...
, Germany.
*
Riaz : HM 181 : ...]ATVRIG
..
*Nonfoux : HM 164 : MARTI CATVRIGI ... TEMPLVM A NOVO IN[STTVIT
*Pomy VD">Pomy: HM 165: : MARTI CATVR SACR ...
*Yverdon: HM 172 : MARTI CATVRICI ET APOLLINI ...
*Avenches: HM 222: MARTI CATVR ...
*Avenches: HM221 : MART CAISIV ...
*Böckingen: : IOM ET MARTI CATVRIGI GENIO LOCI ...
References
Bibliography
* Gerold Walser:
Römische Inschriftkunst', Franz Steiner Verlag, 1993, S. 70,
* Bernhard Maier: ''Lexikon der keltischen Religion und Kultur''; Kröner, Stuttgart (1994).
* Ernst Howald, Ernst Meier: ''Die römische Schweiz''; Zürich (1940).
*
*{{Cite book, last=Lambert, first=Pierre-Yves, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjMcAQAAIAAJ, title=La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies, date=1994, publisher=Errance, isbn=978-2-87772-089-2, author-link=Pierre-Yves Lambert
Gaulish gods
War gods
Helvetii