''Catocala'' is a generally Holarctic genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for #Other "underwing moths", a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only. Of the more than 250 known species, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in Eurasia. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern Neotropics and Indomalaya.

Description and ecology

Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, crypsis, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera. In, ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II'', the genus described as follows. It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly concentric markings, at a casual glance resemble the eyes of a predatory animal, such as a cat. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A bird or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the blue jay, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs. Catocala ilia

The caterpillars of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical food plants are Fagales of the families Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Juglandaceae – mainly hickory (''Carya''), oak (''Quercus'') and walnut tree (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as alder (''Alnus''), beech (''Fagus''), birch (''Betula'') and chestnut (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous Old World and some North American species feed on the Salicaceae ''Populus'' (poplars) and ''Salix'' (willows), which belong to the Malpighiales. Less common larval food plants of ''Catocala'' are for example elms (''Ulmus'') and various Rosaceae of the Rosales, ''Tilia'' (linden and basswood) of the Malvales, or some Fabaceae of the Fabales; as the preceding, these all belong to the Fabidae lineage of rosid eudicots. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as maple (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as ash trees (''Fraxinus'') and blueberries (''Vaccinium'') which are asterids and quite unrelated to the other food plants by eudicot standards. The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to dawn, daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day. The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").

Classification

There are over 250 species in this genus. The species of ''Catocala'' are here divided into a Eurasian group, and another one which is found in North America. This does not imply actual relationships; it is mainly done to more conveniently deal with the large number of species. Still, it is not unlikely at all that the groups consist at least to some extent of closely related species. There are several cryptic species complexes in ''Catocala'', e.g. the group around the Delilah underwing (''C. delilah''); these and other hitherto unknown species are still being discovered and described in some numbers. Thus, resolving the phylogeny and Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of the underwing moths is an ongoing effort, which has made () little progress. In the scientific literature, smaller subdivisions into putatively related species are sometimes applied, but there is no consistent and widely accepted Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic treatment for the genus as a whole.

Synonyms

Several distinct genera have formally been proposed for splitting from ''Catocala'', but these are all treated here as junior synonyms. These synonyms and other invalid names of ''Catocala'' are: * ''Andreusia'' Hampson, 1913 (unjustified emendation (taxonomy), emendation) * ''Andrewsia'' Augustus Radcliffe Grote, Grote, 1882 * ''Astiodes'' (''lapsus'') * ''Astiotes'' Jacob Hübner, Hübner, 1823 * ''Belpharidia'' (''lapsus'') * ''Bihemena'' Beck, 1966 * ''Blephara'' Ferdinand Ochsenheimer, Ochsenheimer, 1816 (unavailable name, unavailable) * ''Blepharidia'' Hübner, 1822 * ''Blepharonia'' Hübner, 1823 (unavailable)"Blepharonia" was initially proposed as name for a tribe (biology), tribe in 1823, and only established as a genus name ''Blepharonia'' in 1825: Pitkin & Jenkins (2004a). * ''Blepharonia'' Hübner, 1825 * ''Blepharum'' Hübner, 1806 (rejected name#Zoology, rejected) * ''Catabapta'' Hulst, 1884 * ''Catacola'' (''lapsus'') * ''Catocalla'' (''lapsus'') * ''Convercala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Corisce'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Corisee'' (''lapsus'') * ''Divercala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Ephesia'' Hübner, 1818 * ''Eucala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Eucora'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Eunetis'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Hemigeometra'' Adrian Hardy Haworth, Haworth, 1809 * ''Koraia'' Nye, 1975 * ''Lamprosia'' Hübner, [1821] * ''Lamprosia'' Hübner, 1827 (''non'' Hübner, [1821]: preoccupied) * ''Metacala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Mormonia'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Mormosia'' (''lapsus'') * ''Optocala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Promonia'' Beck, 1966 * ''Puercala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Reticcala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Simplicala'' Beck, 1966

Palearctic species

* ''Catocala abacta'' Staudinger, 1900 * ''Catocala abamita'' Bremer & Grey, 1853 (including ''C. scortum'') * ''Catocala actaea'' Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 * ''Catocala adultera'' Ménétries, 1856 * ''Catocala aenigma'' Sheljuzhko, 1943 * ''Catocala aestimabilis'' Staudinger, 1892 * ''Catocala afghana'' Swinhoe, 1885 * ''Catocala agitatrix'' Graeser, 1889 (including ''C. mabella'') * ''Catocala amabilis'' Bang-Haas, 1907 * ''Catocala amnonfreidbergi'' Kravchenko et al., 2008 * ''Catocala ariana'' Vartian, 1964 * ''Catocala armandi'' (including ''C. davidi'') * ''Catocala artobolevskiji'' Sheljuzhko, 1943 * ''Catocala bella'' (including ''C. serenides'') * ''Catocala bokhaica'' * ''Catocala borthi'' Saldaitis, Ivinskis, Floriani & Babics, 2012 * ''Catocala brandti'' * ''Catocala butleri'' * ''Catocala catei'' Weisert, 1998 * ''Catocala chenyixini'' Ishizuka, 2011 * ''Catocala columbina'' * ''Catocala coniuncta'' – Minsmere crimson underwing * ''Catocala connexa'' * ''Catocala contemnenda'' * ''Catocala conversa'' * ''Catocala danilovi'' Bang-Haas, 1927 * ''Catocala dariana'' Sviridov, Speidel, Reshöft, 1996 * ''Catocala davidi'' Oberthür, 1881 * ''Catocala deducta'' Eversmann, 1843 * ''Catocala dejeani'' (sometimes in ''C. kuangtungensis'') * ''Catocala desiderata'' * ''Catocala detrita'' Warren, 1913 * ''Catocala deuteronympha'' * ''Catocala dilecta'' Hübner, [1808] (Type species, type of ''Astiotes'') * ''Catocala disjuncta'' * ''Catocala dissimilis'' (including ''C. nigricans'') * ''Catocala distorta'' Butler, 1889 * ''Catocala diversa'' * ''Catocala doerriesi'' * ''Catocala dotatoides'' * ''Catocala dula'' * ''Catocala duplicata'' * ''Catocala editarevayae'' * ''Catocala electa'' – rosy underwing * ''Catocala ella'' Butler, 1877 * ''Catocala ellamajor'' Ishizuka, 2010 * ''Catocala elocata'' – French red underwing * ''Catocala eminens'' Staudinger, 1892 * ''Catocala eutychea'' * ''Catocala flavescens'' * ''Catocala florianii'' Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2008 * ''Catocala formosana'' Okano, 1958 * ''Catocala fraxini'' – blue underwing, Clifden nonpareil (type of ''Hemigeometra'') * ''Catocala fredi'' Bytinsky-Salz & Brandt, 1937 * ''Catocala fugitiva'' Warren, 1914 * ''Catocala fulminea'' (type of ''Ephesia'') * ''Catocala fuscinupta'' * ''Catocala gansan'' Ishizuka & M. Wang, 2013 * ''Catocala giuditta'' Schawerda, 1934 * ''Catocala haitzi'' Bang-Haas, 1936 * ''Catocala hariti'' Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2002 * ''Catocala helena'' * ''Catocala hoenei'' Mell, 1936 * ''Catocala hoferi'' Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2003 * ''Catocala hymenaea'' * ''Catocala hymenoides'' Draeseke, 1927 * ''Catocala hyperconnexa'' Sugi, 1965 * ''Catocala inconstans'' Butler, 1889 * ''Catocala infasciata'' Mell, 1936 * ''Catocala intacta'' * ''Catocala invasa'' * ''Catocala jansseni'' A. E. Prout, 1924 * ''Catocala jonasii'' Butler, 1877 * ''Catocala jouga'' Ishizuka, 2003 * ''Catocala juncta'' * ''Catocala jyoka'' Ishizuka, 2006 * ''Catocala kaki'' Ishizuka, 2003 * ''Catocala kasenko'' Ishizuka, 2007 * ''Catocala koreana'' Staudinger, 1892 * ''Catocala kotschubeyi'' Sheljuzhko, 1927 * ''Catocala kuangtungensis'' * ''Catocala kusnezovi'' Püngeler, 1914 * ''Catocala lara'' Bremer, 1861 * ''Catocala largeteaui'' Oberthür, 1881 * ''Catocala laura'' Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008 * ''Catocala leechi'' * ''Catocala lehmanni'' Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008 * ''Catocala lesbia'' * ''Catocala longipalpis'' Mell, 1936 * ''Catocala lupina'' Herrich-Schäffer, [1851] * ''Catocala luscinia'' Brandt, 1938 * ''Catocala maculata'' Vincent, 1919 * ''Catocala mariana'' * ''Catocala martyrum'' Oberthür, 1881 * ''Catocala maso'' Ishizuka, 2011 * ''Catocala mesopotamica'' * ''Catocala mirifica'' Butler, 1877 * ''Catocala moltrechti'' Bang-Haas, 1927 * ''Catocala musmi'' * ''Catocala naganoi'' Sugi, 1982 * ''Catocala nagioides'' * ''Catocala naumanni'' Sviridov, 1996 * ''Catocala neglecta'' * ''Catocala neonympha'' Esper, 1805 (type of ''Eucora'') * ''Catocala nivea'' Butler, 1877 * ''Catocala nubila'' * ''Catocala nupta'' – red underwing * ''Catocala nymphaea'' * ''Catocala nymphaeoides'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1852 * ''Catocala nymphagoga'' – oak yellow underwing * ''Catocala oberthueri'' Austaut, 1879 * ''Catocala obscena'' Alphéraky, 1879 * ''Catocala ohshimai'' Ishizuka, 2001 * ''Catocala olgaorlovae'' * ''Catocala optata'' * ''Catocala optima'' – Turanga underwing * ''Catocala pacta'' * ''Catocala paki'' Kishida, 1981 * ''Catocala patala'' Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 * ''Catocala pataloides'' * ''Catocala persimilis'' * ''Catocala pirata'' * ''Catocala praegnax'' Walker, 1858 * ''Catocala prolifica'' Walker, 1857 * ''Catocala promissa'' – light crimson underwing * ''Catocala proxeneta'' Alphéraky, 1895 * ''Catocala pudica'' Moore, 1879 * ''Catocala pudica sabine'' Saldaitis, Pekarsky & Borth 2014 * ''Catocala puella'' * ''Catocala puerpera'' (type of ''Eunetis'') * ''Catocala puerperoides'' * ''Catocala remissa'' * ''Catocala repudiata'' * ''Catocala rhodosoma'' Röber, 1927 * ''Catocala seibaldi'' Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Borth, 2010 (including ''C. pseudoformosana'') * ''Catocala seiohbo'' * ''Catocala separans'' * ''Catocala separata'' * ''Catocala sinyaevi'' Sviridov, 2004 * ''Catocala solntsevi'' * ''Catocala sponsa'' – dark crimson underwing * ''Catocala sponsalis'' * ''Catocala stamensis'' Kishida & Suzuki, 2002 * ''Catocala streckeri'' * ''Catocala sultana'' (sometimes in ''C. optata'') * ''Catocala svetlana'' Sviridov, 1997 * ''Catocala szechuena'' * ''Catocala tapestrina'' Moore, 1882 * ''Catocala thomsoni'' A. E. Prout, 1924 * ''Catocala timur'' – Timur underwing * ''Catocala tokui'' * ''Catocala toropovi'' Saldaitis, Kons & Borth, 2014 * ''Catocala triphaenoides'' Oberthür, 1881 * ''Catocala uljanae'' Sinyaev, Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2007 * ''Catocala viviannae'' * ''Catocala weigerti'' Hacker, 1999 * ''Catocala wushensis'' * ''Catocala xarippe'' Butler, 1877 (formerly in ''C. fulminea'') * ''Catocala xizangensis'' Chen, 1991 Comparison of Eurasian species Image:Catocala actaea 01.jpg, ''Catocala actaea'' Image:Catocala agitatrix.jpg, ''Catocala agitatrix'' Image:Catocala coniuncta.jpg, ''Catocala conjuncta'' Image:Catocala conversa.jpg, ''Catocala conversa'' Image:Catocala dilecta.jpg , ''Catocala dilecta'' Image:Catocala disjuncta.jpg, ''Catocala disjuncta'' Image:Catocala diversa.jpg, ''Catocala diversa'' Image:Catocala electa01.jpg, ''Catocala electa''
rosy underwing Image:Catocala elocata.01.jpg, ''Catocala elocata''
French red underwing Image:Catocala eutychea.jpg, ''Catocala eutychea'' Image:Catocala fraxini.01.jpg, ''Catocala fraxini''
blue underwing
type species of ''Hemigeometra'' Image:'Catocala fulminea'.jpg, ''Catocala fulminea''
type species of ''Ephesia'' Image:Catocala hymenaea.jpg, ''Catocala hymenaea'' Image:Catocala lara 01.jpg, ''Catocala lara'' Image:Catocala lupina.jpg, ''Catocala lupina'' Image:Catocala mariana.jpg, ''Catocala mariana'' Image: Catocala neonympha.01.jpg, ''Catocala neonympha'' Image:Catocala nupta.01.jpg, ''Catocala nupta''
red underwing
type species of ''Catocala'' Image:Catocala nymphaea.01.jpg, ''Catocala nymphaea'' Image:Catocala nymphagoga.jpg, ''Catocala nymphagoga''
oak yellow underwing Image:Catocala optata.jpg, ''Catocala optata'' Image:Catocala pacta.jpg , ''Catocala pacta'' Image:Catocala promissa.jpg, ''Catocala promissa''
light crimson underwing Image:Catocala puerpera.jpg, ''Catocala puerpera''
type species of ''Eunetis'' Image:Catocala separata.jpg, ''Catocala separata'' Image:Catocala sponsa.01.jpg, ''Catocala sponsa''
dark crimson underwing

Nearctic species

* ''Catocala abbreviatella'' * ''Catocala agrippina'' – Agrippina underwing * ''Catocala aholibah'' – Aholibah underwing * ''Catocala alabamae'' – Alabama underwing, titan underwing (including ''C. olivia, C. titania'') * ''Catocala allusa'' (sometimes in ''C. faustina'') * ''Catocala amatrix'' – sweetheart underwing (type of ''Lamprosia'') * ''Catocala amestris'' – three-staff underwing * ''Catocala amica'' – girlfriend underwing (type of ''Corisce'') * ''Catocala andromache'' – Andromache underwing * ''Catocala andromedae'' – Andromeda underwing, gloomy underwing * ''Catocala angusi'' – Angus' underwing * ''Catocala antinympha'' – sweetfern underwing (type of ''Catabapta'') * ''Catocala atocala'' – Atocala underwing, Brou's underwing * ''Catocala badia'' – bay underwing, bayberry underwing, old maid * ''Catocala benjamini'' – Benjamin's underwing (formerly in ''C. andromache'') * ''Catocala blandula'' – charming underwing * ''Catocala briseis'' – Briseis underwing, ribbed underwing * ''Catocala caesia'' – bluish-gray underwing * ''Catocala californica'' (including ''C. erichi'') * ''Catocala californiensis'' * ''Catocala cara'' – darling underwing * ''Catocala carissima'' – carissima underwing (formerly in ''C. cara'') * ''Catocala cerogama'' – yellow-banded underwing * ''Catocala charlottae'' (sometimes in ''C. praeclara'') * ''Catocala chelidonia'' * ''Catocala cleopatra'' (sometimes in ''C. faustina'') * ''Catocala clintoni'' – Clinton's underwing * ''Catocala coccinata'' – scarlet underwing * ''Catocala concumbens'' – pink underwing, sleepy underwing * ''Catocala connubialis'' – connubial underwing * ''Catocala consors'' – consort underwing * ''Catocala crataegi'' – hawthorn underwing, chokeberry underwing * ''Catocala dejecta'' – dejected underwing * ''Catocala delilah'' – Delilah underwing * ''Catocala desdemona'' – Desdemona underwing (including ''C. ixion'', formerly in ''C. delilah'') * ''Catocala dulciola'' – quiet underwing, sweet underwing * ''Catocala electilis'' * ''Catocala epione'' – Epione underwing (type of ''Mormonia'') * ''Catocala faustina'' * ''Catocala flebilis'' – mournful underwing * ''Catocala francisca'' (sometimes in ''C. hermia'') * ''Catocala frederici'' * ''Catocala gracilis'' – graceful underwing * ''Catocala grisatra'' – grisatra underwing * ''Catocala grotiana'' – Grote's underwing * ''Catocala grynea'' – woody underwing * ''Catocala habilis'' – habilis underwing * ''Catocala hermia'' – Hermia underwing (including ''C. sheba'') * ''Catocala herodias'' – Herodias' underwing, Gerhard's underwing * ''Catocala hippolyta'' (sometimes in ''C. semirelicta'') * ''Catocala ilia'' – beloved underwing, Ilia underwing, wife underwing * ''Catocala illecta'' – Magdalen underwing * ''Catocala innubens'' – betrothed underwing * ''Catocala insolabilis'' – inconsolable underwing * ''Catocala irene'' – Irene's underwing * ''Catocala jair'' – Jair underwing, barrens underwing * ''Catocala jessica'' – Jessica underwing (including ''C. babayaga'') * ''Catocala johnsoniana'' – Johnson's underwing * ''Catocala judith'' – Judith's underwing * ''Catocala junctura'' – joined underwing, Stretch's underwing (including ''C. elsa, C. stretchii'') * ''Catocala lacrymosa'' – tearful underwing * ''Catocala lincolnana'' – Lincoln underwing * ''Catocala lineella'' – lineella underwing, little lined underwing, steely underwing (formerly in ''C. amica'') * ''Catocala louiseae'' – Louise's underwing (including ''C. protonympha'') * ''Catocala luciana'' – shining underwing * ''Catocala maestosa'' – sad underwing * ''Catocala manitoba'' – Manitoba underwing (sometimes in ''C. praeclara'') * ''Catocala marmorata'' – marbled underwing * ''Catocala mcdunnoughi'' – McDunnough's underwing * ''Catocala meskei'' – Meske's underwing * ''Catocala messalina'' – Messalina underwing (type of ''Andrewsia'') * ''Catocala micronympha'' – little nymph underwing, little bride underwing * ''Catocala minuta'' – little underwing * ''Catocala mira'' – wonderful underwing * ''Catocala miranda'' – Miranda underwing * ''Catocala muliercula'' – little wife underwing * ''Catocala myristica'' - Myristica underwing Kons & Borth, 2015 * ''Catocala nebulosa'' – clouded underwing * ''Catocala neogama'' – the bride (including ''C. euphemia'') * ''Catocala nuptialis'' – married underwing * ''Catocala obscura'' – obscure underwing * ''Catocala ophelia'' * ''Catocala orba'' – Orba underwing * ''Catocala palaeogama'' – old wife underwing (sometimes in ''C. neogama'') * ''Catocala parta'' – mother underwing * ''Catocala piatrix'' – penitent underwing * ''Catocala praeclara'' – praeclara underwing * ''Catocala pretiosa'' – precious underwing (formerly in ''C. crataegi'') ** ''Catocala pretiosa texarkana'' – Texarkana underwing * ''Catocala relicta'' – the relict, "white underwing" * ''Catocala residua'' – residua underwing * ''Catocala retecta'' – yellow-gray underwing ** ''Catocala'' (''retecta'') ''luctuosa'' – yellow-fringed underwing * ''Catocala robinsoni'' – Robinson's underwing * ''Catocala sappho'' – Sappho underwing * ''Catocala semirelicta'' – semirelict underwing (including ''C. nevadensis, C. pura'') * ''Catocala serena'' – serene underwing * ''Catocala similis'' – similar underwing * ''Catocala sordida'' – sordid underwing * ''Catocala subnata'' – youthful underwing * ''Catocala texanae'' – Texan underwing * ''Catocala ulalume'' – Ulalume underwing * ''Catocala ultronia'' – dark red underwing, ultronia underwing * ''Catocala umbrosa'' * ''Catocala unijuga'' – once-married underwing * ''Catocala verrilliana'' – Verrill's underwing * ''Catocala vidua'' – widow underwing * ''Catocala violenta'' * ''Catocala whitneyi'' – Whitney's underwing Comparison of North American species File:Catocala nurus.JPG, ''Catocala amatrix'' form (zoology), f. ''nurus''
sweetheart underwing
type species of ''Lamprosia'' File:Catocala amica.jpg, ''Catocala amica''
girlfriend underwing
type species of ''Corisce'' File:Catocala allusa.JPG, ''Catocala allusa'' File:Catocala andromache2.JPG, ''Catocala andromache''
Andromache underwing File:Catocala angusi 01.jpg, ''Catocala angusi''
Angus' underwing File:Catocala antinympha.jpg, ''Catocala antinympha''
sweetfern underwing File:Catocala phoebe.JPG, ''Catocala badia''
bay underwing File:Catocala benjamini benjamini.JPG, ''Catocala benjamini benjamini''
Benjamin's underwing File:Catocala carissima.JPG, ''Catocala carissima''
carissima underwing File:Catocala cerogama.jpg, ''Catocala cerogama''
yellow-banded underwing File:Catocala coccinata sinuosa.jpg, ''Catocala coccinata''
scarlet underwing File:Catocala concumbens2.JPG, ''Catocala concumbens''
pink underwing File:Catocala sancta.JPG, ''Catocala connubialis'' f. ''sancta''
connubial underwing File:Catocala delilah mounted.JPG, ''Catocala delilah''
Delilah underwing File:Catocala desdemona.JPG, ''Catocala desdemona''
Desdemona underwing File:Catocala frederici2.JPG, ''Catocala frederici'' File:Catocala grotiana.JPG, ''Catocala grotiana''
Grote's underwing File:Catocala grynea 01.JPG, ''Catocala grynea''
woody underwing File:Catocala habilis.jpg, ''Catocala habilis''
habilis underwing File:Catocala diantha.JPG, ''Catocala hermia'' f. ''diantha''
Hermia underwing File:Catocala innubens.jpg, ''Catocala innubens''
betrothed underwing File:Catocala irene2.JPG, ''Catocala irene''
Irene's underwing File:Catocala jessica.JPG, ''Catocala jessica''
Jessica underwing File:Catocala johnsoniana.JPG, ''Catocala johnsoniana''
Johnson's underwing File:Catocala judith 01.jpg, ''Catocala judith''
Judith's underwing File:Catocala lacrymosa 01.jpg, ''Catocala lacrymosa''
tearful underwing File:Catocala nerissa.JPG, ''Catocala lineella''
lineella underwing File:Catocala nebraskae.JPG, ''Catocala luciana''
shining underwing File:Catocala maestosa2.JPG, ''Catocala maestosa''
sad underwing File:Catocala manitoba.JPG, ''Catocala manitoba''
Manitoba underwing File:Catocala mcdunnoughi.JPG, ''Catocala mcdunnoughi''
McDunnough's underwing File:Catocala rosalinda.JPG, ''Catocala meskei'' f. ''rosalinda''
Meske's underwing File:Catocala micronympha.jpg, ''Catocala micronympha''
little nymph underwing File:Catocala euphemia.JPG, ''Catocala neogama euphemia''
the bride File:Catocala obscura.jpg, ''Catocala obscura''
obscure underwing File:Catocala palaeogama 01.jpg, ''Catocala palaeogama''
old wife underwing File:Catocala dionyza2.JPG, ''Catocala piatrix dionyza''
penitent underwing File:Catocala relicta.01.jpg, ''Catocala relicta''
the relict File:Catocala luctuosa.JPG, ''Catocala retecta luctuosa''
yellow-fringed underwing File:Catocala serena.jpg, ''Catocala serena''
serene underwing File:Catocala subnata 01.JPG, ''Catocala subnata''
youthful underwing File:Catocala texanae.JPG, ''Catocala texanae''
Texan underwing File:Catocala ultronia.jpg, ''Catocala ultronia''
dark red underwing File:Catocala unijuga.JPG, ''Catocala unijuga''
once-married underwing File:Catocala beutenmuelleri.JPG, ''Catocala verrilliana'' f. ''beutenmuelleri''
Verrill's underwing File:Catocala vidua.jpg, ''Catocala vidua''
widow underwing

Other "underwing moths"

As noted in the introduction, some species besides the Catocala species are also commonly known as "underwings". Typically however, the name is used with a qualifier, such as a color term, in these cases. Non-''Catocala'' "underwing moths" are typically owlet moths, namely: Subfamily Catocalinae * Beautiful yellow underwing (''Anarta myrtilli'') * Brown underwing (''Minucia lunaris'') * Locust underwing (''Euparthenos nubilis'') * (European) white underwing (''Catephia alchymista'') – in North America, "white underwing" typically refers to ''Catocala relicta'' Subfamily Amphipyrinae * Copper underwing (''Amphipyra pyramidea'') * Svensson's copper underwing (''Amphipyra berbera'') Subfamily Erebinae * False underwing moth (''Allotria elonympha'') Subfamily Hadeninae * Black underwing (''Mormo maura'') * Blossom underwing (''Orthosia miniosa'') * Broad-bordered white underwing (''Hadula melanopa'') * Guernsey underwing (''Polyphaenis sericata'') * Lunar underwing (''Omphaloscelis lunosa'') * Small dark yellow underwing (''Coranarta cordigera'') * Small yellow underwing (''Panemeria tenebrata'') * Straw underwing (''Thalpophila matura'') Subfamily Noctuinae * Pearly underwing (''Peridroma saucia'') * Yellow underwings proper, some 15 species in the genus ''Noctua (moth), Noctua'' However, the "orange underwings" are two species of genus ''Archiearis'' of the geometer moth family (Geometridae): * Orange underwing (''Archiearis parthenias'') * Light orange underwing (''Archiearis notha'') Image:Mormo maura.1.JPG, Black underwing
''Mormo maura''
Hadeninae Image:Minucia lunaris.jpg, Brown underwing
''Minucia lunaris''
Catocalinae Image:Cathephia alchymista.jpg, White underwing
''Catephia alchymista''
Catocalinae Image:Amphipyra berbera001.jpg, Svensson's copper underwing
''Amphipyra berbera''
Amphipyrinae Image:Amphipyra pyramidea.jpg, Copper underwing
''Amphipyra pyramidea''
Amphipyrinae Image:Noctua tirrenica female.jpg, Mediterranean yellow underwing
''Noctua tirrenica''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua fimbriata2.jpg, Broad-bordered yellow underwing
''Noctua fimbriata''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua pronuba.o1.jpg, Large yellow underwing
''Noctua pronuba''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua jantina.01.jpg, Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing
''Noctua janthina''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua interjecta.jpg, Least yellow underwing
''Noctua interjecta''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua interposita.JPG, Least yellow underwing
''Noctua interposita''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua orbona.01.jpg, Lunar yellow underwing
''Noctua orbona''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua comes.01.jpg, Lesser yellow underwing
''Noctua comes''
Noctuinae Image:Coranarta cordigera.jpg, Small dark yellow underwing
''Coranarta cordigera''
Hadeninae Image:Anarta myrtilli 01.jpg, Beautiful yellow underwing
''Anarta myrtilli''
Catocalinae Image:Panemeria tenebrata.jpg, Small yellow underwing
''Panemeria tenebrata''
Catocalinae Image:Hadula melanopa.jpg, Broad-bordered white underwing
''Hadula melanopa''
Hadeninae Image:Polyphaenis sericata.01.jpg, Guernsey underwing
''Polyphaenis sericata''
Hadeninae Image:Thalpophila matura.jpg, Straw underwing
''Thalpophila matura''
Hadeninae Image:Orthosia miniosa 01.jpg, Blossom underwing
''Orthosia miniosa''
Hadeninae Image:Peridroma saucia 01.jpg, Pearly underwing
''Peridroma saucia''
Noctuinae Image:Archiearis parthenias.jpg, Orange underwing
''Archiearis parthenias''
Geometridae: Archiearinae Image:Archiearis notha.jpg, Light orange underwing
''Archiearis notha''
Geometridae: Archiearinae Image:Boudinotiana puella.jpg, Pale orange underwing
''Boudinotiana puella''
Geometridae: Archiearinae

Footnotes

References

* ''Fauna Europaea'' (FE) (2011)
''Catocala''
Version 2.4, January 27, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2012. * * Nelson, John M. & Loy, Peter W. (1983): The Underwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Oklahoma. ''Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science'' 63: 60–67
PDF fulltext
* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004a)
Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species
�
Blepharonia Hübner 1823
Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012. * Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004b)
Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species
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''Catocala''
Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012. * * Stevens, Martin (2005): The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. ''Biological Reviews'' 80(4): 573–588. * Woodhouse, S. C. (1910): ''English-Greek Dictionary – A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C
Searchable JPEG fulltext

External links

* * Oehlke, Bill (January 1, 2013)

''Catocala''. Retrieved January 13, 2019. {{Taxonbar , from=Q2450100 Catocala, Noctuoidea genera