Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, ''
suo jure
''Suo jure'' is a Latin phrase, used in English to mean 'in his own right' or 'in her own right'. In most nobility-related contexts, it means 'in her own right', since in those situations the phrase is normally used of women; in practice, especi ...
'' 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby ( Willoughby; 22 March 1519 – 19 September 1580), was an English
noblewoman living at the courts of King
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his Wives of Henry VIII, six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. ...
, King
Edward VI
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland, Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his thi ...
and Queen
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England and List of Irish monarchs, Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudo ...
. She was the fourth wife of
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who acted as her legal guardian during his third marriage to Henry VIII's sister
Mary. Her second husband was
Richard Bertie, a member of her household. Following Charles Brandon's death in 1545, it was rumoured that King Henry had considered marrying Katherine as his seventh wife, while he was still married to his sixth wife,
Catherine Parr
Catherine Parr ( – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until Henry's death on 28 January 1547. Catherine was the final queen consort o ...
, who was Katherine's close friend.
An outspoken supporter of the
English Reformation
The English Reformation began in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away first from the authority of the pope and bishops Oath_of_Supremacy, over the King and then from some doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church ...
, she fled abroad to
Wesel
Wesel () is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in western Germany. It is the capital of the Wesel (district), Wesel district.
Geography
Wesel is situated at the confluence of the Lippe River and the Rhine.
Division of the city
Suburbs of Wesel i ...
and later the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, ...
during the reign of the Catholic Queen
Mary I
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558. She made vigorous a ...
, to
avoid persecution.
Family
Katherine Willoughby, born at
Parham Old Hall, Suffolk, on 22 March 1519 and christened in the church there four days later, was the daughter of
William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, and his second wife,
María de Salinas. Lord Willoughby's first wife, Mary Hussey, the daughter of
William Hussey,
Chief Justice of the King's Bench
The Lord or Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary of England and Wales and the president of the courts of England and Wales.
Until 2005 the lord chief justice was the second-most senior judge of the English a ...
, had died childless before 1512, and in June 1516 he married María de Salinas. Doña María de Salinas had come to the English court with
Henry VIII's Queen consort,
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine,
historical Spanish: , now: ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was List of English royal consorts, Queen of England as the Wives of Henry VIII, first wife of King Henry VIII from their marr ...
, and was one of the queen's
ladies-in-waiting and closest friends. The king favoured another match bolstering his own marital alliance with Spain, and even named one of his warships the ''Mary Willoughby''. It seems Katherine was named for the queen, but her mother's lifelong friendship with Catherine of Aragon did not prevent her daughter from becoming one of England's
Marian exiles
The Marian exiles were English Protestants who fled to continental Europe during the 1553–1558 reign of the Catholic monarchs Queen Mary I and King Philip.Christina Hallowell Garrett (1938) ''Marian Exiles: A Study in the Origins of Elizabet ...
later in life.
Katherine had two brothers, Henry and Francis, who died as infants.
Early life
According to Goff, Katherine likely spent her early childhood at Parham, as her mother was in almost constant attendance on Henry VIII's Queen,
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine,
historical Spanish: , now: ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was List of English royal consorts, Queen of England as the Wives of Henry VIII, first wife of King Henry VIII from their marr ...
. On 14 October 1526, when Katherine was seven years of age, Lord Willoughby died after falling ill during a visit to Suffolk and was buried at
Mettingham. As his only surviving child, Katherine inherited the barony. Her father held some thirty manors in
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire (), abbreviated ''Lincs'', is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in the East Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber regions of England. It is bordered by the East Riding of Yorkshire across the Humber estuary to th ...
, and almost the same number in
Norfolk
Norfolk ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in England, located in East Anglia and officially part of the East of England region. It borders Lincolnshire and The Wash to the north-west, the North Sea to the north and eas ...
and
Suffolk
Suffolk ( ) is a ceremonial county in the East of England and East Anglia. It is bordered by Norfolk to the north, the North Sea to the east, Essex to the south, and Cambridgeshire to the west. Ipswich is the largest settlement and the county ...
, worth over £900 per annum, and Katherine is said to have been 'one of the greatest heiresses of her generation'. However, her inheritance became a subject of dispute for many years, as there was doubt as to which lands had been settled on the heirs male and which on the heirs general, and the matter was further complicated by a deed which Lord Willoughby had drawn up before leaving for France to campaign in Henry VIII's wars in 1523. In 1527 Katherine's uncle,
Sir Christopher Willoughby, accused his sister-in-law, Katherine's mother, María de Salinas, of withholding documents from him which established the title to various estates, and of having kept him out of possession of estates which rightfully belonged to him.
At her father's death, Katherine's
wardship fell to the king, who on 1 March 1528 sold it to his brother-in-law
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. On acquiring Katherine's wardship, Suffolk immediately intervened in the family quarrel with a letter to
Cardinal Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey ( ; – 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic cardinal. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's almoner. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling f ...
, and his intervention appears to have cowed Sir Christopher Willoughby, who wrote to Wolsey that the Cardinal's anger was 'worse to him than death'.
Katherine is said to have been betrothed to
Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (died 1534), Suffolk's son by his third wife,
Mary Tudor. Mary Tudor died at
Westhorpe, Suffolk, on 25 June 1533, and on 21 July the young Katherine was one of the chief mourners at her funeral. As early as 1531 it had been rumoured in the household of Henry VIII's future wife,
Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (; 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was List of English royal consorts, Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the Wives of Henry VIII, second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and execution, by beheading ...
, that Suffolk was personally interested in Katherine, and six weeks after Mary Tudor's death the
Imperial Ambassador,
Eustace Chapuys, reported to
Charles V that:
On Sunday next the Duke of Suffolk will be married to the daughter of a Spanish lady named Lady Willoughby. She was promised to the Duke's son, but he is only ten years old, & although it is not worth writing to your Majesty, the novelty of the case made me mention it'.
Although Suffolk was forty-nine and Katherine only fourteen, the marriage was a financially successful one. The Willoughby inheritance was not fully settled until the reign of Queen
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England and List of Irish monarchs, Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudo ...
, but Suffolk was able to force Sir Christopher Willoughby to relinquish possession of some of the contested Willoughby estates, and Suffolk eventually became the greatest magnate in Lincolnshire. As such, he played an important role in quelling the
Lincolnshire rebellion in 1536, and built an imposing residence at
Grimsthorpe, which came into Katherine's possession at the death of Elizabeth de Vere, Dowager Countess of Oxford, widow of the
13th Earl.
The Duke and Duchess had two sons,
Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, born 18 September 1534 at Katherine's mother's house in the Barbican, and
Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, born 1537. The marriage brought Katherine into the extended royal family, because
Henry VIII's will made his younger sister Mary Tudor's descendants the next heirs to the throne after his own children. The Duke and Duchess of Suffolk officially greeted
Anne of Cleves
Anne of Cleves (; 28 June or 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was List of English royal consorts, Queen of England from 6 January to 12 July 1540 as the Wives of Henry VIII, fourth wife of Henry VIII. Little is known about Anne before 1527, ...
when she arrived in England in 1539 to marry the king, and in 1541 they helped arrange a royal progress for the king and his next wife,
Catherine Howard. This progress later became notorious for the queen's alleged adulterous trysts with her kinsman,
Thomas Culpeper, though the duke and duchess's home at
Grimsthorpe Castle was "one of the very few places on the route ... where Catherine Howard had not misbehaved herself".
Personality and beliefs
Noted for her wit, sharp tongue, and devotion to learning, by the last years of Henry VIII's reign the Duchess of Suffolk was also an outspoken advocate of the
English Reformation
The English Reformation began in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away first from the authority of the pope and bishops Oath_of_Supremacy, over the King and then from some doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church ...
. She became a close friend of Henry's last queen,
Catherine Parr
Catherine Parr ( – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until Henry's death on 28 January 1547. Catherine was the final queen consort o ...
, particularly after the Duke died in 1545, and was a strong influence on the queen's religious beliefs. In 1546, as these views grew controversial, the king ordered the queen's arrest, though his wife managed to cajole him into cancelling this.
The Duchess of Suffolk once gave a banquet and during a party game afterwards named Bishop
Gardiner Gardiner may refer to:
Places
Settlements
;Canada
* Gardiner, Ontario
;United States
* Gardiner, Maine
* Gardiner, Montana
* Gardiner (town), New York
** Gardiner (CDP), New York
* Gardiner, Oregon
* Gardiner, Washington
* West Gardiner, ...
as the man she loved least. She named her pet spaniel "Gardiner", provoking much amusement when she called her dog to heel.
[Anthony Martienssen, ''Queen Katherine Parr'', p. 195.] Several years later when Gardiner was imprisoned during the reign of King
Edward VI
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland, Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his thi ...
, she is quoted as saying, "It was merry with the lambs when the wolf was shut up."
[
Suffolk died 22 August 1545, and it was rumoured that the king was considering the Duchess—still only in her mid-twenties—as his seventh wife. In February 1546, Van der Delft wrote: "I hesitate to report there are rumours of a new queen. Some attribute it to the sterility of the present Queen, while others say that there will be no change during the present war. Madame Suffolk is much talked about and is in great favour; but the king shows no alteration in his behaviour to the queen, although she is said to be annoyed by the rumour". But their friendship remained strong, and after Henry VIII's death in 1547, the Duchess helped fund the publication of one of Catherine Parr's books, '' The Lamentation of a Sinner''. She also became a patron of John Day, England's leading religious publisher; Day printed various books with the Duchess of Suffolk's coat of arms from 1548 onward. Beginning in 1550, the Duchess helped establish stranger churches for foreign ]Protestant
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...
s, principally Dutch, who were fleeing religious persecution on the Continent.
After Henry VIII's death
The dowager queen Catherine Parr
Catherine Parr ( – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until Henry's death on 28 January 1547. Catherine was the final queen consort o ...
remarried to Thomas Seymour shortly after the death of the king. In August 1548, she gave birth to a daughter and died several days later, presumably of childbed fever. Upon her death, her widower went to London with their new baby daughter. Months later, Seymour was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. Their daughter, Mary, was left an orphan aged only seven months.[Linda Porter. ''Lady Mary Seymour: An Unfit Traveller,'' History Today Volume: 61 Issue: 7 2011.] The Duchess of Suffolk was appointed guardian. The Duchess could not support the young infant so she wrote to Sir William Cecil, asking for funds. The letter reflects her resentment towards the child. The letter was obviously taken into account for in January 1550, an act in Parliament was passed restoring Mary to what was left of her father's property. No claim was ever made and the queen's daughter seems to disappear from history at this time. Parr's biographer Linda Porter believes that the child died and was buried near the Duchess's estate in Grimsthorpe. Years later, the Duchess also became the custodian of one of her Brandon step-granddaughters, Lady Mary Grey, when the latter was placed under house arrest
House arrest (also called home confinement, or nowadays electronic monitoring) is a legal measure where a person is required to remain at their residence under supervision, typically as an alternative to imprisonment. The person is confined b ...
after marrying without royal consent.
In 1551 both the Duchess's teenage sons, Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, already students at Cambridge, died within an hour of each other of the sweating sickness
Sweating sickness, also known as the sweats, English sweating sickness, English sweat or ''sudor anglicus'' in Latin, was a mysterious and contagious disease that struck England and later continental Europe in a series of epidemics beginning i ...
. Four months afterwards, attempting to reconcile herself to this tragedy, Katherine wrote to Sir William Cecil that “truly I take this od'slast (and to the first sight most sharp and bitter) punishment not for the least of his benefits, in as much as I have never been so well taught by any other before to know his power, his love, and mercy, my own wickedness, and that wretched state that without him I should endure here”. In recovering from this misfortune and its severe test to her faith, Katherine built a new life. In this period she employed Hugh Latimer as her chaplain.
She married her second husband, Richard Bertie (25 December 1516 – 9 April 1582), a member of her household, out of love and shared religious beliefs, but she continued to be known as the Duchess of Suffolk, and her efforts to have her husband named Lord Willoughby de Eresby were unsuccessful. In 1555, during the reign of Queen Mary I, the Berties were among the Marian exiles
The Marian exiles were English Protestants who fled to continental Europe during the 1553–1558 reign of the Catholic monarchs Queen Mary I and King Philip.Christina Hallowell Garrett (1938) ''Marian Exiles: A Study in the Origins of Elizabet ...
who left for the Continent. Their persecution by Stephen Gardiner, the Bishop of Winchester
The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England. The bishop's seat (''cathedra'') is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire.
The Bishop of Winchester has always held ''ex officio'' the offic ...
and Lord Chancellor
The Lord Chancellor, formally titled Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom. The lord chancellor is the minister of justice for England and Wales and the highest-ra ...
, and subsequent wanderings were recounted in '' Foxe's Book of Martyrs'', in an account probably written by Richard Bertie himself for the 1570 edition. During this period Sigismund II Augustus, the King of Poland
Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of Royal elections in Poland, free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electab ...
and Duke of Lithuania appointed them as administrators of Lithuania
Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...
, based at Kražiai
Kražiai (; ; ) is a historic town (Lithuania), town in Lithuania, located in the Kelmė district municipality, between Varniai (32 km) and Raseiniai (44 km), on the River. The old town of Kražiai is an archeological and urban monument ...
.
By Richard Bertie, Katherine was the mother of:
* Susan Bertie, Countess of Kent, (b. 1554) who married, firstly, Reginald Grey, 5th Earl of Kent
Reginald Grey, 5th Earl of Kent (before 154117 March 1573) was an English peer.
Biography
He was a son of Henry Grey (1520–1545) and Margaret St John. His paternal grandparents were Henry Grey, 4th Earl of Kent and Anne Blennerhassett. Regina ...
, (before 1541 – 1573) and, secondly, Sir John Wingfield, a nephew of Katherine's friend, Bess of Hardwick. Katherine was successful in persuading Elizabeth I to restore the Kent earldom to Reginald (sometimes known as Reynold), her son-in-law, after it had been in abeyance for 47 years following the death of Richard Grey, 3rd earl of Kent, whose half brother Sir Henry Grey was Reynold’s grandfather.
* Peregrine Bertie (1555 – 1601) (named for their peregrinations in exile), who married Mary de Vere, only sister of the whole blood of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford
Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (; 12 April 155024 June 1604), was an English peerage, peer and courtier of the Elizabethan era. Oxford was heir to the second oldest earldom in the kingdom, a court favourite for a time, a sought-after ...
.
After their return to England, they lived at Katherine's estate, Grimsthorpe in Lincolnshire, and at court.
In 1560 Katherine won an important case in legal history, ''Bertie v. Herenden'', more commonly known as the ''Duchess of Suffolk's case''. She had conveyed her lands to her lawyer before her exile, passing not only legal ownership but also the use (i.e. beneficial ownership). This case established that a secret "use on a use" was enforceable, here that her lawyer's use of the lands would be for her benefit. Such a "use on a use" had been rejected in Tyrrel's case (1557) but was supported here.
Jewels
In 1551, some of her jewels were in the keeping of William Sharington of Lacock Abbey. She had pledged them for a loan of £1,100. These included brooches, tablets or lockets, one depicting Jacob's Ladder
Jacob's Ladder () is a ladder or staircase leading to Heaven that was featured in a dream the Biblical Patriarch Jacob had during his flight from his brother Esau in the Book of Genesis (chapter 28).
The significance of the dream has been de ...
, another a town with a castle, another, the story of the Samaritan woman, with a number of jewelled gold "billaments" for wearing on a French hood. A jewel or cross "set with letters of Jhesus of diamonds" in diamonds (the letters "IHS") had a square diamond and a long ruby on the reverse, and three pendant pearls. This piece may have resembled the cross and "IHS" jewels depicted in portraits of Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour (; 24 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 30 May 1536 until her death the next year. She became queen following the execution of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was ...
and Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine,
historical Spanish: , now: ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was List of English royal consorts, Queen of England as the Wives of Henry VIII, first wife of King Henry VIII from their marr ...
. Such jewels also appear in other royal inventories.
Literary tributes
Katherine and Richard Bertie's exile became the basis of a ballad by Thomas Deloney
Thomas Deloney (born ; died in or shortly before 1600) was an English silk-weaver, novelist, and ballad writer.
Biography
Thomas Deloney was born sometime in the middle decades of the 16th century; the precise date is not recorded. Although ofte ...
(1543–1600), ''The most Rare and Excellent History, Of the Duchess of Suffolks Calamity'', and of Thomas Drue's play, ''The Life of the Duchess of Suffolk
''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The ...
'', published in 1624. It may also have been the subject of an unpublished play from 1600 by William Haughton, ''The English Fugitives''. Katherine's second marriage to one of her servants and subsequent persecution also present parallels to the plot of John Webster's ''The Duchess of Malfi
''The Duchess of Malfi'' (originally published as ''The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy'') is a Jacobean revenge tragedy written by English dramatist John Webster in 1612–1613. It was first performed privately at the Blackfriars Theat ...
''.
Issue
By her first marriage, she had two sons:
* Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (18 September 1535 – 14 July 1551), died of the sweating sickness
Sweating sickness, also known as the sweats, English sweating sickness, English sweat or ''sudor anglicus'' in Latin, was a mysterious and contagious disease that struck England and later continental Europe in a series of epidemics beginning i ...
* Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1537/38 – 14 July 1551), died of the sweating sickness an hour after his older brother.
By her second marriage, she had a daughter and a son:
* Susan Bertie, Countess of Kent (1554 – unknown), married, firstly, in 1570, Reginald Grey of Wrest, 5th Earl of Kent
The peerage title Earl of Kent has been created eight times in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. In fiction, the Earl of Kent is also known as a prominent supporting character in William Shakespeare's tragedy K ...
and, secondly, on 30 September 1581, John Wingfield by whom she had two sons Peregrine Wingfield and Robert Wingfield.
* Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby
Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (12 October 1555 – 25 June 1601) was the son of Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, and Richard Bertie (courtier), Richard Bertie. Be ...
(12 October 1555 – 1601), married 1577 Mary de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford and Margery Golding.[The Peerage.com] They had seven children.
In fiction
*Katherine's story is very fictionalised in ''The Sixth Wife: A Novel'' by Suzannah Dunn
*Her character is played by Rebekah Wainwright in the historical fiction series ''The Tudors
''The Tudors'' is a historical fiction television series set primarily in 16th-century England, created and written by Michael Hirst and produced for the American premium cable television channel Showtime. The series was a collaboration among ...
'', where she is called Catherine Brooke, and much of her story has been changed.
*Katherine and her second husband Bertie appear in Stanley J. Weyman's 1891 novel '' The Story of Francis Cludde''. It covers the period 1555–58, when the eponymous hero helps them escape Mary's agents and reach safety in Germany; he also is made godfather to their son Peregrine. As with most of Weyman's novels, the historical detail is accurate and well researched.
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*
*: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 4, p. 403.
Further reading
*''My Lady Suffolk: A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk'' by Evelyn Read (1963) ASIN B000JE85OK
*''Queen Katherine Parr'' by Anthony Martienssen, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1973
*''Women, Reform and Community in Early Modern England: Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, and Lincolnshire's Godly Aristocracy, 1519–1580: 19 (Studies in Modern British Religious History)'' by Melissa Franklin Harkrider
*''The Mistresses of Henry VIII'' by Kelly Hart
{{DEFAULTSORT:Willoughby De Eresby, Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness
*12
English baronesses
Katherine
Katherine (), also spelled Catherine and Catherina, other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Ch ...
1519 births
1580 deaths
People of the Elizabethan era
Suffolk
Suffolk ( ) is a ceremonial county in the East of England and East Anglia. It is bordered by Norfolk to the north, the North Sea to the east, Essex to the south, and Cambridgeshire to the west. Ipswich is the largest settlement and the county ...
English ladies-in-waiting
Daughters of barons
Hereditary women peers
English Anglicans
Marian exiles
Katherine
Katherine (), also spelled Catherine and Catherina, other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Ch ...
Katherine
Katherine (), also spelled Catherine and Catherina, other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Ch ...
English people of Spanish descent
Wives of knights
16th-century English women
16th-century English nobility
Household of Catherine Parr