Catherine Tekakwitha

Kateri Tekakwitha ( in Mohawk), given the name Tekakwitha, baptized as Catherine ("Kateri" in Mohawk), and informally known as Lily of the Mohawks (1656 – April 17, 1680), is a Mohawk/Algonquin Catholic saint and virgin. Born in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon, in present-day New York, she contracted smallpox in an epidemic; her family died and her face was scarred. She converted to Catholicism at age 19. She took a vow of perpetual virginity, left her village, and moved for the remaining five years of her life to the Jesuit mission village of Kahnawake, just south of Montreal. She was beatified in 1980 by Pope John Paul II and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI at Saint Peter's Basilica on 21 October 2012.

Early life and education

''Tekakwitha'' is the given name she received by her native Mohawk people. It translates to "She who bumps into things." She was born around 1656 in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon in northeastern New York state.

She was the daughter of Kenneronkwa, a Mohawk chief, and Kahenta, an Algonquin woman, who had been captured in a raid and then adopted and assimilated into the tribe. Kahenta had been baptized Catholic and educated by French missionaries in Trois-Rivières, east of Montreal. Mohawk warriors captured her and took her to their homeland. Kahenta eventually married Kenneronkwa. Tekakwitha was the first of their two children. A brother followed.

Tekakwitha's original village was highly diverse. The Mohawk absorbed captured Native people of other tribes, particularly their competitors, the Huron, to replace people who died from warfare and diseases.

When Tekakwitha was around four years old, her parents and her brother died of smallpox. Tekakwitha survived, but suffered from facial scars and impaired eyesight. Due to her scars, she wore head covering and cloths to cover them. She was soon adopted and went to live with her father's sister and her husband, a chief of the Turtle Clan.

At age 11, Tekakwitha was visited by three members of the Society of Jesus. Tekakwitha was greatly impressed by these Jesuits, who were likely the first white Christians she had encountered in her life. Tekakwitha began to lead a life according to the teachings of the three Jesuits. She was staying with an uncle at the time, and he and other people of her tribe opposed her conversion.

The Jesuits' account of Tekakwitha said that she was a modest girl who avoided social gatherings and covered her head because of her scars. She was skilled at making clothing, weaving mats, preparing food and other traditional women's arts. As was the custom, she was pressured to think about marriage around age thirteen, but she refused. When speaking to her confessor, she stated, "I can have no spouse but Jesus." She followed by proclaiming, "I have the strongest aversion to marriage."

Upheaval and invasions

Tekakwitha grew up in a period of upheaval, as the Mohawk interacted with French and Dutch colonists, who were competing in the lucrative fur trade. Trying to make inroads in Iroquois territory, the French attacked the Mohawk in present-day central New York in 1666. After driving the people from their homes, the French burned the three Mohawk villages. Tekakwitha, around ten years old, fled with her new family.

After the defeat by the French forces, the Mohawk accepted a peace treaty that required them to tolerate Jesuit missionaries in their villages. The Jesuits established a mission near Auriesville, New York. They spoke of Christianity in terms with which the Mohawk could identify.

The Mohawk crossed their river to rebuild Caughnawaga on the north bank, west of the present-day town of Fonda, New York. In 1667, when Tekakwitha was 11 years old, she met the Jesuit missionaries Jacques Frémin, Jacques Bruyas, and Jean Pierron, who had come to the village. Her uncle opposed any contact with them because he did not want her to convert to Christianity. One of his older daughters had already become Catholic.

In the summer of 1669, several hundred Mohican warriors, advancing from the east, launched an attack on Caughnawaga. Tekakwitha, at that point around 13 years old, joined other girls to help priest Jean Pierron tend to the wounded, bury the dead, and carry food and water.

Feast of the Dead

Later in 1669, the Haudenosaunee Feast of the Dead was convened at Caughnawaga. The remains of Tekakwitha's parents, along with others, were to be part of the ceremony. Father Pierron criticized the Feast of the Dead, but the assembled Haudenosaunee ordered him to be silent. Afterwards, however, they relented and promised to give up the feast.

Family pressures

By the time Tekakwitha turned 17, around 1673, her adoptive mother and aunt tried to arrange her marriage to a young Mohawk man. Tekakwitha fled the cabin and hid in a nearby field and continued to resist marriage. Eventually, her aunts gave up their efforts to get her to marry.

In the spring of 1674, at age eighteen, Tekakwitha met the Jesuit priest Jacques de Lamberville, who was visiting the village. In the presence of others, Tekakwitha told him her story and her desire to become a Christian. She started studying the catechism with him.

Conversion and Kahnawake

In his journal, Lamberville wrote about Tekakwitha in the years after her death. This text described her before she was baptized as a mild-mannered girl. Lamberville also stated that Tekakwitha did everything she could to practice her Catholic faith in a non-Catholic society, which often caused minor conflicts with her longhouse residents. The journal, however, does not mention violence toward Tekakwitha, while other sources do.

Lamberville baptized Tekakwitha at the age of 19, on Easter Sunday, April 18, 1676. Tekakwitha was renamed "Catherine" after St. Catherine of Siena (Kateri was the Mohawk form of the name).

She remained in Caughnawauga for another six months. Some Mohawks opposed her conversion and accused her of sorcery. Other members of her village, stoned, threatened, and harassed her. Tekakwitha fled her home and travelled 200 miles to St. Francis Xavier, a Christian Indian mission in Sault Saint-Louis. Tekakwitha found it was a community full of other Native Americans who had also converted. Tekakwitha joined them in 1677.

Tekakwitha was said to have put thorns on her sleeping mat and lain on them while praying for her relatives' conversion and forgiveness. Piercing the body to draw blood was a traditional practice of the Mohawk and other Haudenosaunee nations. This was cause for controversy for many of the priests in their community citing her already poor health. Tekakwitha pushed back against these concerns saying, "I will willingly abandon this miserable body to hunger and suffering, provided that my soul may have its ordinary nourishment." Around this time she also began a friendship with another woman named Marie Thérèse Tegaianguenta. The two of them tried to start a Native religious order, but Jesuits rejected that the proposal. She lived at Kahnawake the remaining two years of her life.

Father Cholonec wrote that Tekakwitha said:

The Church considers that her 1679 decision on the Feast of the Annunciation completed Tekakwitha's conversion, and the Jesuits described her in early biographies as the "first Iroquois virgin". Although Tekakwitha is rather often regarded as a consecrated virgin, she could, owing to circumstances, never receive the consecration of virgins by a bishop. Nevertheless, the United States Association of Consecrated Virgins took Kateri Tekakwitha as its patroness.

Mission du Sault St-Louis: Kahnawake

The Jesuits had founded Kahnawake for the religious conversion of Native people. When it began, the Natives built their traditional longhouses for residences and gatherings. They also built a longhouse to be used as a chapel by the Jesuits. As a missionary settlement, Kahnawake was at risk of being attacked by members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy who had not converted to Catholicism. (While it attracted other Haudenosaunee, it was predominantly Mohawk, the prominent tribe in eastern New York.)

After Tekakwitha's arrival, she shared the longhouse of her older sister and her husband. She would have known other people in the longhouse who had migrated from their former village of Gandaouagué ( Caughnawaga). Her mother's close friend, Anastasia Tegonhatsiongo, was clan mother of the longhouse. Anastasia and other Mohawk women introduced Tekakwitha to the regular practices of Christianity. This was normal for the women in the village, with many of the missionaries being preoccupied with other religious tasks. Pierre Cholenec reported that "all the Iroquois who come here and then become Christians owe their conversion mainly to the zeal of their relatives".

Kahnawake was a village set up like normal Haudenosaunee villages, moving from location to location after running out of resources. The village was originally not wholly French, but with northward migration towards Canada started by the Five Nations, the village started to gain more Native members. The Five Nations all happened to start migrating north around the same time, without any communication between them. In Kahnawake, there was representation from multiple tribes, and when the French came there were people from different ethnicities. The village was recognized by New France, and given autonomy to deal with problems that would arise. They were also able to form a friendship with New York through this autonomy.

There was fur trade in Kahnawake. The division between the French Church and the Natives was clear-cut in the village; there were few interactions between the two.

Kahnawake was drawn into a war among the different tribes that lasted around two and a half years.

Jesuit Missionaries Chauchetière and Cholenec

Jesuit priests Claude Chauchetière and Pierre Cholenec played important roles in Tekakwitha's life. Both were based in New France and Kahnawake. Chauchetière was the first to write a biography of Tekakwitha in 1695, and Cholenec followed in 1696. Cholenec, who had arrived first, introduced traditional items of Catholic mortification, that is, physical deprivation or self-harm, to the converts at Kahnawake. He wanted them to adopt these rather than use Mohawk ritual practices. Both Chauchetière and Tekakwitha arrived in Kahnawake the same year, in 1677.

Chauchetière came to believe that Tekakwitha was a saint. In his biography of Kateri, he stressed her "charity, industry, purity, and fortitude."Leslie Choquette, Review: Allan Greer, ''Mohawk Saint''
H-France Review, Vol. 5 (October 2005), No. 109; accessed 25 July 2012 In contrast, Cholenec stressed her virginity, perhaps to counter colonial stereotypes characterizing Indian women as promiscuous.

Death and appearances

Around Holy Week of 1680, friends noted that Tekakwitha's health was failing. When people knew she had but a few hours left, villagers gathered together, accompanied by the priests Chauchetière and Cholenec, the latter providing the last rites. Kateri Tekakwitha died at around 15:00 (3 p.m.) on Holy Wednesday, April 17, 1680, at the age of 23 or 24, in the arms of her friend Marie-Therèse. Chauchetière reports her final words were, "Jesus, Mary, I love you."

After her death, the people noticed a physical change. Cholenec later wrote, "This face, so marked and swarthy, suddenly changed about a quarter of an hour after her death and became in a moment so beautiful and so white that I observed it immediately." Her smallpox scars were said to disappear.

Tekakwitha purportedly appeared to three individuals in the weeks after her death; her mentor Anastasia Tegonhatsiongo, her friend Marie-Therèse Tegaiaguenta, and Chauchetière. Anastasia said that, while crying over the death of her spiritual daughter, she looked up to see Tekakwitha "kneeling at the foot" of her mattress, "holding a wooden cross that shone like the sun." Marie-Thérèse reported that she was awakened at night by a knocking on her wall, and a voice asked if she were awake, adding, "I've come to say good-bye; I'm on my way to heaven." Marie-Thérèse went outside but saw no one; she heard a voice murmur, "Adieu, Adieu, go tell the father that I'm going to heaven." Chauchetière meanwhile said he saw Tekakwitha at her grave; he said she appeared in "baroque splendor; for two hours he gazed upon her" and "her face lifted toward heaven as if in ecstasy."

Chauchetière had a chapel built near Kateri's gravesite. By 1684, pilgrimages had begun to honor her there. The Jesuits turned her bones to dust and set the ashes within the "newly rebuilt mission chapel." This symbolized her presence on earth, and her remains were sometimes used as relics for healing.

Veneration

The first account of Kateri Tekakwitha was not published until 1715. Because of Tekakwitha's unique path to chastity, she is often referred to as a lily, a traditional symbol of purity. Religious images of Tekakwitha are often decorated with a lily and cross, with feathers or turtle as cultural accessories alluding to her Native American birth. Colloquial epithets for Tekakwitha are ''The Lily of the Mohawks'' (most notable), the ''Mohawk Maiden'', the ''Pure and Tender Lily'', the ''Flower among True Men'', the ''Lily of Purity'' and ''The New Star of the New World''. Her tribal neighbors – and her gravestone – referred to her as "the fairest flower that ever bloomed among the redmen." Her virtues are considered an ecumenical bridge between Mohawk and European cultures.

Fifty years after her death, a convent for Native American nuns opened in Mexico. Indian Catholic missions and bishops in the 1880s initiated a petition for officially allowing veneration of Kateri. They asked for the veneration of Tekakwitha in tandem with the Jesuits Isaac Jogues and René Goupil, two Catholic missionaries who had been slain by the Mohawk in Osernnenon a few decades before Kateri's birth. They concluded their petition by stating that these venerations would help encourage Catholicism among other Native Americans.

The process for Kateri Tekakwitha's canonization was initiated by United States Catholics at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1885, followed by Canadian Catholics. Some 906 Native Americans signed 27 letters in the US and Canada urging her canonization. Her spiritual writings were approved by theologians on July 8, 1936, and her cause was formally opened on 19 May 1939, granting her the title of Servant of God.

On January 3, 1943, Pope Pius XII declared her venerable. She was beatified as on June 22, 1980, by Pope John Paul II.

In 2006, a young boy from Whatcom County in Washington state, Jake Finkbonner, was lying near death due to flesh-eating bacteria. According to the parents, the doctors believed he was incurable. Being of Lummi descent, the boy's parents knew about Kateri Tekakwitha and prayed to her. Jake survived the ordeal and made a full recovery. His healing was the first of Tekakwitha's miracles accepted by the Vatican.

On December 19, 2011, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints certified a second miracle. She was canonized on October 21, 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI. She is the first Native American woman of North America to be canonized by the Catholic Church.

In 2022, the Episcopal Church of the United States gave final approval to a feast dedicated to Tekakwitha on 17 April on the liturgical calendar.

Kateri Tekakwitha is featured in four national shrines in the United States: the Saint Kateri Tekakwitha National Shrine in Fonda, New York; the National Shrine of the North American Martyrs in Auriesville, New York; the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.; and The National Shrine of the Cross in the Woods, an open-air sanctuary in Indian River, Michigan. The latter shrine's design was inspired by Tekakwitha's habit of placing small wooden crosses throughout the woods.

Statues

There are numerous statues of Tekakwitha, among them are:

* a granite monument in Kahnawake, financed by Clarence A. Walworth.
* the Basilica San Juan Capistrano in Orange County, California
* in St. Kateri Tekakwitha Church in Santa Clarita, California. A statue of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha stands at the steps of Holy Cross School at San Buenaventura Mission in Southern California
* the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse, Wisconsin
* the bronze portal of St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.
* the Maryknoll Sisters' church at Ossining, New York
* St. Patrick's church in the St. Stanislaus Kostka parish of Pittsburgh
* Holy Cross Chapel Mausoleum in North Arlington, New Jersey
* a Shrine of St. Kateri Tekakwitha is located in Paris, Stark County, Ohio
* a shrine and church in rural Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA, in the town of Spring Mills.

Miracles

Joseph Kellogg was a Protestant child captured by Natives in the eighteenth century and eventually returned to his home. Twelve months later, he caught smallpox. Jesuits treated him, but he was not recovering. They had relics from Tekakwitha's grave but did not want to use them on a non-Catholic. One Jesuit told Kellogg that if he would become a Catholic, help would come to him. Joseph did so. The Jesuit gave him a piece of decayed wood from Tekakwitha's coffin, which is said to have healed him. Historian Allan Greer takes this account to mean that Tekakwitha was known in 18th-century New France, and she was already perceived to have healing abilities.

Other miracles were attributed to Tekakwitha: Father Rémy recovered his hearing, and a nun in Montreal was cured by using items formerly belonging to Tekakwitha. Such incidents were evidence that Tekakwitha was possibly a saint. Following the death of a person, sainthood is symbolized by events that show the rejection of death. It is also represented by a duality of pain and neutralization of the other's pain (all shown by her reputed miracles in New France). Chauchetière told settlers in La Prairie to pray to Tekakwitha for intercession with illnesses. Due to the Jesuits' superior system of publicizing material, his words and Tekakwitha's fame were said to reach Jesuits in China and their converts.

As people believed in her healing powers, some collected earth from her gravesite and wore it in bags as a relic. One woman said she was saved from pneumonia (''grande maladie du rhume'') by wearing such. She gave the pendant to her husband, who was healed from his disease.

On December 19, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI approved the second miracle needed for Tekakwitha's canonization. The authorized miracle dates from 2006, when a young boy in Washington state survived a severe flesh-eating bacterium. Doctors had been unable to stop the disease's progress by surgery and advised his parents he was likely to die. The boy received the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick from a Catholic priest. As the boy is half Lummi Indian, the parents said they prayed to Tekakwitha for divine intercession, as did their family and friends, and an extended network contacted through their son's classmates. Sister Kateri Mitchell visited the boy's bedside and placed a relic of Tekakwitha, a bone fragment, against his body and prayed together with his parents. The next day, the infection stopped its progression.

Indigenous perspectives

Mohawk scholar Orenda Boucher noted that, in her opinion, there were "mixed feelings" surrounding the canonization of Tekakwitha. There are traditionalist Mohawk who feel her story was tied into the tragedies of colonization that deeply affected the people of Kahnawake. Despite this dark past, Tekakwitha herself is generally respected among Catholic and traditionalist Mohawk alike. Much of the debate surrounding Tekakwitha's canonization is built upon the idea that it was done to bolster the image of the Church among Native Americans.

Boucher has stated that to understand the complexities of Takakwitha's life, it was important to look beyond the biographies written by clergymen who focus on what they consider her Christian virtues. Mohawk writer Doug George-Kanentiio further noted the concern that Tekakwitha's sainthood may be used as way to influence Iroquois away from their Indigenous ancestral values, stating:

Mohawk journalist Chaz Kader, a former Catholic now practicing longhouse traditions, noted that while many traditionalist Mohawk recognize the reverence their Catholic relatives and friends have for Tekakwitha, many are troubled by Catholic portrayals of her life. Kader highlights how church writings describe Tekakwitha's torment, ostracism, and persecution at the hands of other Mohawks, noting that "the contrast of good Mohawks and bad Mohawks still is affecting our people.

Some Catholics of Native American and European ancestries feel her sainthood reflects her unique position as a bridge builder and worker for unity. Paula E. Holmes interviewed several elderly Native American women in the late 1990s and found they considered Tekakwitha "part of their Indian familiar and familial heritage."

Cultural references

More than 300 books have been published in more than 20 languages on the life of Kateri Tekakwitha. The historian K. I. Koppedrayer has suggested that the Catholic Church fathers' hagiography of Tekakwitha reflected "trials and rewards of the European presence in the New World."

Stage performances

American composer Nellie von Gerichten Smith (1871–1952) created an opera entitled ''Lily of the Mohawks: Kateri Tekakwitha'' (text by Edward C. La More). It was not the first stage performance of her life; Joseph Clancy's play, ''The Princess of the Mohawks'', was performed often by schoolchildren starting in the 1930s.

Literature

* Leonard Cohen, '' Beautiful Losers'' (1966)
* William T. Vollmann, ''Fathers and Crows'' (1992)
* Victor O'Connell, ''Eaglechild'' (2016)
* Louise Erdrich, ''Future Home of the Living God'' (2017)
* Diane Glancy, ''The Reason for Crows'' (2019)

Animation

*In the French animation series '' Clémentine'', Clémentine Dumant meets and befriends Tekakwitha.

Music

*Niall Connolly, song "Lily of the Mohawks" on his album ''Sound'' (2013)

Patron of schools and parishes

Numerous churches, schools and other Catholic institutions have been named for her, particularly since her canonization. Among these are Canadian schools in Kitchener, Markham, Hamilton, Orléans (Ottawa), and Calgary, Alberta. In the United States, Catholic Churches are named after her in Dearborn, MI, Buffalo, TX, Sparta, NJ, Schenectady, NY (parish and school), Irondequoit, NY (parish and school), and Santa Clarita, CA. A school is named after her in Niskayuna, NY.

Kateri Residence, a nursing home in Manhattan, is named for her. The chapel of Welsh Family Hall at the University of Notre Dame, built in 1997, is dedicated to her.

Since 1939, the Tekakwitha Conference meets annually to support Catholic missions among Native Americans. People gather in ''Kateri Circles'' to pray together, seeking to become better Catholics. In 1991, the conference reported 130 registered Kateri Circles.

Tekakwitha Island () in the St. Lawrence River, part of the Kahnawake reserve, is named after her.

References

Further reading

* Beauchamp, W.M. "Mohawk Notes," ''Journal of American Folk-Lore'', vol. 8, Boston, 1895, pp. 217–221. Also, "Iroquois Women," ''Journal of American Folk-Lore'', vol. 13, Boston, 1900, pp. 81–91.
* Béchard, Henri, ''The Original Caughnawaga Indians''. Montreal: International Publishers, 1976.
* Béchard, Henri, "Tekakwitha." ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), vol. 1.
* Bunson, Matthew and Margaret Bunson. ''Saint Kateri: Lily of the Mohawks'' (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 2012) .
* Cholonec, Rev. Pierre. "Kateri Tekakwitha: The Iroquois Saint." (Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing, 2012) .
* Cohen, Leonard. "Beautiful Losers," Published in 1966 by McClelland and Stewart.
* Demos, John. ''The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America''. New York: Vintage, 1994, pages 127-129.
* Fenton, William, and Elisabeth Tooker. "Mohawk," in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', Volume 15: Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
* Greer, Allan. ''Mohawk Saint: Catherine Tekakwitha and the Jesuits.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005
* Hewitt, J.N.B. "The Iroquoian Concept of the Soul," ''Journal of American Folk-Lore'', vol. 8, Boston, 1895, pp. 107–116.
* Lecompte, Edward, ''Glory of the Mohawks: The Life of the Venerable Catherine Tekakwitha'', translated by Florence Ralston Werum, FRSA. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1944.
* Litkowski, Mary Pelagia, O.P. ''Kateri Tekakwitha: Joyful Lover''. Battle Creek, Michigan: Growth Unlimited Inc., 1989.
* Newman, Andrew, ''Allegories of Encounter: Colonial Literacy and Indian Captivities'' (Williamsburg, VA and Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture/University of North Carolina Press, 2019), especially Chapter 4 (pages 111–137).
* O Connell, Victor. ''Eaglechild'' Kanata Publications, Hamilton, Ontario 2016
* Sargent, Daniel. ''Catherine Tekakwitha''. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1936.
* Shoemaker, Nancy. "Kateri Tekakwitha's Tortuous Path to Sainthood," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed. ''Negotiators of Change: Historical Perspectives on Native American Women'' (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 49–71.
* Steckley, John. ''Beyond Their Years: Five Native Women's Stories'', Canadian Scholars Press 1999
* Weiser, Francis X., ''Kateri Tekakwitha''. Caughnawaga, Canada: Kateri Center, 1972.

External links

*

Kateri Tekakwitha website



Catholic Forum


Lily of the Mohawks website


Conservation
*

Barbara Bradley Hagerty, "A Boy, An Injury, A Recovery, A Miracle?"
NPR, 4 November 2011


''Montreal Gazette,'' 20 March 2010


by Daniel Fogel


October 21, 2012
* ttp://threerivershms.com/LilyDeath.htm "Sketch of Life of Indian Maid, Kateri Tekakwitha" from April 23, 1915 issue of the ''Recorder-Democrat'' a semiweekly publication, Amsterdam, NY

Account of location of Ossernon birthplace
written by Jesuit Fr. Loyzance (the original purchaser of the land at Auriesville) from ''St. Johnsville Enterprise and News'' November 28, 1934

Video showing the Shrine and Village
from 2016

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tekakwitha, Kateri
1656 births
1680 deaths
American Mohawk people
Algonquin people
Mohawk women
Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
Native American Roman Catholics
Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America
17th-century Christian saints
People from Montgomery County, New York
Canadian Roman Catholic saints
American Roman Catholic saints
Christian female saints of the Early Modern era
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Catholics from New York (state)
Indigenous Roman Catholic saints of the Americas
17th-century Native American women
17th-century American women
Anglican saints
17th-century Native American people
Native American people from New York (state)
Venerated Catholics by Pope Pius XII
Miracle workers