Casuariiform

The Casuariiformes is an order of large flightless birds that has four surviving members: the three species of cassowary, and the only remaining species of emu. They are divided into either a single family, Casuariidae, or occasionally two, with the emu splitting off into its own family, Dromaiidae. The IOC World Bird List and Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Birds of the World both do not recognize Dromaiidae, placing the emu in the family Casuariidae.

All four living members are native to Australia-New Guinea,Clements, J (2007) but some possible extinct taxa occurred in other landmasses.

Systematics and evolution

The emus form a distinct branch, characterized by legs adapted for running. The total number of cassowary species described, based on minor differences in casque shape and color variations, formerly reached nine. Now, however, only three species are recognized, and most authorities only acknowledge few subspecies or none at all.

The fossil record of casuariforms is interesting, but not very extensive. Regarding fossil species of ''Dromaius'' and ''Casuarius'', see their genus pages. As with all ratites, there are several contested theories concerning their evolution and relationships.

Some Australian fossils initially believed to be from emus were recognized to represent a distinct genus, ''Emuarius'',"Emuarius" is from "Emu" + "''Casuarius''". Describer W.E. Boles commonly refers to the genus as "emuwaries" or "cassomus". which had a cassowary-like skull and femur and an emu-like lower leg and foot. In addition, the first fossils of mihirungs were initially believed to be from giant emus,The vernacular name "mihirung" is derived from ''mihirung paringmal'', which means "giant emu" in the Chaap Wuurong language. but these birds were completely unrelated.

It has been suggested that the South American genus ''Diogenornis, the current South American lineage of giant ground birds. If this were the case, not only would it extend the fossil range of this lineage to a wider region, but to a broader time span as well, since ''Diogenornis'' occurs in the late Paleocene and is among the earliest known ratites. In the late 19th century, a fossil casuariid ('' Hypselornis'') was named from India based on a single toe bone, however it was later shown to belong to a crocodilian.

An especially interesting question regarding this order is whether emus or cassowaries are the more primitive form, if either. Emus are generally assumed to retain more ancestral features, in part because of their more modest coloration, but this does not necessarily have to be the case. The casuariiform fossil record is ambiguous, and the present knowledge of their genome is insufficient for comprehensive analysis. Resolving the cladistic issues will require combination of all these approaches, with at least the additional consideration of plate tectonics.

Taxonomy

Casuariiformes Mikko's Phylogeny Archiv

Paleofile.com (net, info) .

*?†''Diogenornis)
**†''Diogenornis fragilis''
*Casuariidae (emus and cassowaries)
**†''Emuarius'' (emuwaries) (Late Oligocene – Late Miocene)
***†''Emuarius gidju''
***†''Emuarius guljaruba''
**''Casuarius'' (cassowary)
***†''Casuarius lydekkeri'' (Pygmy cassowary)
***''Casuarius casuarius'' (Southern cassowary)
***'' Casuarius unappendiculatus'' (Northern cassowary)
***'' Casuarius bennetti'' (Dwarf cassowary)
**''Dromaius'' (modern emus) (Middle Miocene – Recent)
***†''Dromaius arleyekweke
***†''Dromaius ocypus''
***''Dromaius novaehollandiae'' (emu)
****†'' D. n. minor'' (King Island/black emu)
****†'' D. n. baudinianus'' (Kangaroo Island/dwarf emu)
****†'' D. n. diemenensis'' (Tasmanian emu)
****'' D. n. novaehollandiae'' (Australian emu)

Footnotes

References

References

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External links

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Novaeratitae
Taxa named by Philip Sclater
Bird orders
Ratites
Flightless birds
Extant Miocene first appearances
Miocene taxonomic orders
Pliocene taxonomic orders
Pleistocene taxonomic orders
Holocene taxonomic orders