Counter-Admiral Carl Wilhelm Jessen (10 July 1764 – 30 March 1823) was a Danish naval officer and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Saint Thomas in the

Danish West Indies The Danish West Indies () or Danish Virgin Islands () or Danish Antilles were a Danish colony in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas with , Saint John () with , Saint Croix with , and Water Island. The islands of St ...

Career

Carl Wilhelm Jessen was a Danish-Norwegian naval officer and the son of Councillor of State Nicolai Jacob Jessen and Marie Christine Jacobi. Jessen became a naval cadet in 1776. He was commissioned as a junior lieutenant in the navy in 1782, and then was promoted senior lieutenant in 1789, commander in 1796, captain in 1803, senior captain in 1810, and commodore in 1815. He left the Danish navy as a counter admiral in 1822. He then became Governor of the island of St Thomas in the Danish West Indies.

Ships and actions

Immediately after his lieutenant's examination, Jessen joined an expedition to the

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with the small ''Lærken'', where he participated in an engagement against two British privateers. Between 1784 and 1786 Jessen participated in commercial trading voyages with (Danish) West India Company ships as

first mate A chief mate (C/M) or chief officer, usually also synonymous with the first mate or first officer, is a licensed mariner and head of the deck department of a merchant ship. The chief mate is customarily a watchstander and is in charge of the shi ...

. In 1789 he was a tutor at the Naval Cadet Academy and commander of a gunboat in Admiral Conrad von Schindel's squadron in the Baltic Sea. In 1790, as captain of ''Makrellen'', he performed reconnaissance for the squadron. During the period 1793–94 he was the deputy commander of the brig (built 1791) under Captain H. Kaas. They operated in the Caribbean, where Jessen also participated in battles against

privateers A privateer is a private person or vessel which engages in commerce raiding under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign o ...

. In 1795, Jessen was second-in-command of the frigate ''Thetis''. For at least part of the period 1795 to 1799 ''Thetis'' was active in the Mediterranean protecting Danish shipping interests. Although ''Thetis'' was not present at the battle of 16 May 1797, she had been at Tripoli before – with a bribe for the Bey – and later with a squadron.''Thetis'' called frequently at Malta where her captain, Lorentz Fisker, had been nursed back to health by nuns some years previously, and who provided the officers' mess with specially baked cakes. In 1799 and 1800 Jessen was second in command of the Naval Academy, and later served in a cutter in Norwegian waters protecting the country's neutrality. As captain of ''Lougen'' he again sailed to the West Indies. There he also had the schooners ''Iresine'' and ''Den Aarvaagne'' under his command. On 1 September 1800 he captured the British privateer ''Eagle'', which had been raiding Danish merchant shipping. On 3 March 1801 he fought against and a privateer, ''Experiment'', which engaged his ships – before Jessen knew anything about the outbreak of war – near the island of St Thomas. This was the ”Slaget ved Fugleklippen” or the Battle of West Kay. When the Danes surrendered the islands he had to surrender all three of his ships to the British and sailed home with them to Europe. Upon his return to Copenhagen King Christian VII bestowed on him a gold sword in recognition of his military service. In 1803–1804 he was again in the Danish West Indies, this time as captain of the (small) frigate '' Frederickssteen''. Part of his remit was to act for the government of the Danish West Indies on all questions of naval service and maritime defence. In 1807 Jessen became captain of the ship-of-the-line '' Prinds Christian Frederick'', which together with the ship-of-the-line ''Louisa Augusta '' and the brig (built 1805), spent that year in Norwegian waters and thus avoided being captured by the British when they seized most of the Dano-Norwegian navy at the Battle of Copenhagen. In December 1807 Jessen returned to Øresund with 200 of his crew on the sick list, and with a ship that badly needed maintenance as it had been so long at sea. However, in March 1808 Jessen received orders to proceed to the Great Belt to chase away the British warships there, as the Danish government wanted to transfer

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troops in French service unhindered from Funen to Zealand Meanwhile, in Copenhagen it was noted that a large British force had arrived off Hornbæk (north Zealand) so Admiral Bille sent Jessen written instructions to attempt to return to Øresund by sailing south around Zealand – but the message arrived too late. On 22 March 1808 he met two smaller British warships, and , and to prevent them entering the Great Belt he kept a northerly course. The British ships-of-the-line off Hornbæk had meanwhile become aware of his departure and began searching for him the same day. At 2 pm ''Prins Christian Frederick'' observed two British ships-of-the-line approaching from the east, and Jessen realised that a decisive battle was at hand. The British ships-of-the-line were ''Nassau'' and , accompanied by the frigate ''Quebec'' and the brigs ''Lynx'' and .''Nassau'' was one of the 13 ships the British captured at Copenhagen in 1801, and the only one they took back to Britain. They renamed her ''Nassau'' in 1805. Jessen did not want to retreat before the British south through the Great Belt as he did not want to draw the British forces down there, so he kept course for the reef off Zealand Point – hoping to be able to slip past and back to Øresund. The wind was variable and failing, frustrating his plan. The battle commenced at 7:30 pm on the eastern side of Zealand Point. After nearly three hours fighting Jessen was forced to

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, but he was now so close to land that he could run his ship aground. Only in the nick of time did the British ships avoid grounding. In this sea battle, in addition to the 61 men killed and 129 wounded, the Danes lost three officers killed – one of them Lieutenant Peter Willemoes (a Danish hero of the 1801 battle of Copenhagen). British losses were five killed and 44 wounded. As the British could not manage to refloat ''Prins Christian Frederick'', they set fire to her the next day. The Danish dead were buried in the churchyard at Odden, where an appropriate monument can still be found. Jessen, who was himself wounded in the fight, was taken to Gothenburg where he was exchanged, and where the British ships were repaired. For the rest of the war Jessen commanded the

Trekroner Fort Trekroner Søfort (literally ''Three Crowns Sea Fortress'') is a sea fort at the entrance to the Copenhagen harbour. From 1713 until after World War I, Trekroner Fort was part of the fortifications of Copenhagen. The original location of Tre ...

(at the northern approach to Copenhagen harbour), together with a division of gunboats. In 1815 Jessen sailed by private ship to the West Indies where in 1822, after his retirement from the Navy, he became Governor of St. Thomas. He remained Governor until his death on 30 March 1823.

Personal life

On 27 August 1794, Jessen married Anne Margrethe Erichsen (8 December 1764 – 27 December 1845), daughter of senior civil servantThe Danish word for his rank is ''konferensråd'', indicating a person of the second rank of a five-rank scale. The rank is equivalent to that of a fully accredited ambassador, bishop or director of the National Bank. Jon Erichsen. He was the elder brother of author and translator Juliane Marie Jessen. He was buried at St Thomas, where there is still a memorial, although his body was later disinterred and removed to the naval Holmens Cemetery in Copenhagen.Jessen's Memorial
in Copenhagen.

Notes

*''This article contains material translated from the Danish article: Carl Wilhelm Jessen

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jessen, Carl Wilhelm 18th-century Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy officers 19th-century Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy officers Royal Danish Navy counter admirals Royal Danish Naval Academy alumni Academic staff of Royal Danish Naval Academy 1764 births 1823 deaths Danish naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom People from Fredensborg Municipality Burials at Holmen Cemetery 19th-century Royal Danish Navy admirals Danish military personnel of the Gunboat War