The Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program (Carl Moyer Program) is a State of California engine retrofit and replacement program implemented through the cooperative efforts of local air districts such as the

Bay Area Air Quality Management District The Bay Area Air District (BAAD), formerly Bay Area Air Quality Management District or BAAQMD, is a public agency that regulates the stationary sources of air pollution in the nine counties of California's San Francisco Bay Area: Alameda County, ...

(BAAQMD) and the

California Air Resources Board The California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) is an agency of the government of California that aims to reduce air pollution. Established in 1967 when then-governor Ronald Reagan signed the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air S ...

(ARB). The BAAQMD's Carl Moyer Program is managed by the Air District's Strategic Incentives Division (SID). The program provides grant funding to encourage the voluntary purchase of cleaner-than-required engines, equipment, and emission reduction technologies in an effort to rapidly reduce

air pollution Air pollution is the presence of substances in the Atmosphere of Earth, air that are harmful to humans, other living beings or the environment. Pollutants can be Gas, gases like Ground-level ozone, ozone or nitrogen oxides or small particles li ...

. While regulations continue to be the primary means to reduce air pollution emissions, the Carl Moyer Program plays a complementary role to California’s regulatory program by funding emission reductions that are surplus, that is, early and/or in excess of what is required by regulation.

Objectives

The

(BAAQMD) utilizes the Carl Moyer Program to reduce air pollution, especially criteria air pollutants such as airborne particulate matter,

ozone Ozone () (or trioxygen) is an Inorganic compound, inorganic molecule with the chemical formula . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope , break ...

carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the si ...

nitrogen oxides In atmospheric chemistry, is shorthand for nitric oxide () and nitrogen dioxide (), the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution. These gases contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain, as well as affecting tr ...

sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a colorless gas with a pungent smell that is responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is r ...

and

lead Lead () is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol Pb (from Latin ) and atomic number 82. It is a Heavy metal (elements), heavy metal that is density, denser than most common materials. Lead is Mohs scale, soft and Ductility, malleabl ...

, in impacted communities in the San Francisco Bay Area. The program provides financial incentives for equipment and vehicle owners to replace or retrofit high polluting engines and equipment. Highly impacted communities are generally economically disadvantaged residential areas located close to industrialized areas with large populations of young children and the elderly. Residents of communities highly impacted by pollution are at higher risk of pollution-related health problems.Bay Area Air Quality Management District,, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Retrieved March 10, 2010 As an added benefit, the program stimulates the local economy by providing more jobs for engine repair shops and helps businesses by offering incentives for maintenance they would have to implement eventually.California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board (April 22, 2008), California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Retrieved March 10, 2010

Administration

The ARB annually allocates funds to participating local air districts who implement the program for that program cycle (CMP Year). The Bay Area Air Quality Management District's Strategic Incentives Division administers the program in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Program results

The BAAQMD has funded emission reduction projects through the Carl Moyer Program for 11 years and is entering into Year 12 in spring of 2010. In 2008, the Air District upgraded 360 heavy-duty diesel engines, with 90% of funds awarded to projects in San Francisco Bay Area impacted communities. Estimated lifetime emissions reduction for the projects funded were 113 tons of reactive organic gases (ROG), 1,133 tons of

nitrogen oxide Nitrogen oxide may refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds: Charge-neutral *Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen(II) oxide, or nitrogen monoxide * Nitrogen dioxide (), nitrogen(IV) oxide * Nitrogen trioxide (), o ...

(NO), and 45 tons of

particulate matter Particulate matter (PM) or particulates are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. An ''aerosol'' is a mixture of particulates and air, as opposed to the particulate matter alone, though it is sometimes defin ...

(PM) for a total reduction of 1,291 tons.Bay Area Air Quality Management District (2008) , Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Retrieved March 10, 2010 In 2007, the Air District upgraded 300 heavy-duty diesel engines, with 67% of funds awarded to projects in San Francisco Bay Area impacted communities. Estimated lifetime emissions reduction for the projects funded were 1,225 tons of reactive organic gases (ROG), 9,700 tons of nitrogen oxide (NO), and 410 tons of particulate matter (PM) for a total reduction of 11,335 tons.Bay Area Air Quality Management District (2007) , Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Retrieved March 10, 2010 On a state level, over its first six years, the Carl Moyer Program cleaned up approximately 6,300 engines, reduced nitrogen oxide emissions by over 18 tons per day, and reduced particulate matter emissions by one ton per day. During this same period it is estimated that the program helped to reduce lost workdays by 17,000 and prevented 2,800 asthma attacks and 100 premature deaths. These and other avoided health and welfare impacts have an estimated mean economic valuation of $790 million.

The grant process

The

awards Carl Moyer Program funds on a first-come, first-served basis to applicants with completed applications. Projects over $100,000 go to the Air District’s Mobile Source Committee for approval, while projects under $100,000 are approved by an Air Pollution Control Officer. Projects are weighted based on emissions reductions. Once the applicant is awarded funding, they must take part in a pre-project inspection. All existing engines funded must be in working condition at the time of the award. Once the inspection is complete, Strategic Incentives Division staff sends the applicant the grant agreement for review and signature. When fully executed, the grantee can order the engine or equipment and the project can begin.

Eligible projects

The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s Carl Moyer Program provides grants to public and private entities to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, reactive organic gases and particulate matter from existing heavy-duty engines by repowering, retrofitting, or replacing them. The Carl Moyer Program can be used for engine repower and retrofit projects and components of the program such as the Off-Road Equipment Replacement Program (ERP)Bay Area Air Quality Management District, , Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Retrieved March 10, 2010 and the Voucher Incentive Program (VIP)Bay Area Air Quality Management District, , Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Retrieved March 10, 2010 can be used for equipment replacement projects. Engine repowering is when an existing engine is replaced with a new one. The time it takes to repower an engine varies depending on the size and application of the engine. An engine retrofit is when new components, such as

catalysts Catalysis () is the increase in reaction rate, rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst ...

or filters, are added to an existing engine. Engine retrofits typically take a few hours, after which the engine can immediately be put to use. Equipment Replacement projects consist of replacing the entire unit (chassis and engine) with a new, cleaner piece of equipment. The Carl Moyer Program provides funding to five categories of heavy-duty diesel engines: # Agricultural Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower and or retrofit irrigation pumps. # Locomotives - Project examples: alternative switchers, idle limiting device, remanufactured engines, and repower and/or retrofit.Zito, Kelly (November 18, 2009), , San Francisco Chronicle, Retrieved March 10, 2010. # Marine Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower and/or retrofit commercial vessels, new vessel purchase and cold ironing oceangoing vessels.Burt, Cecily (December 21, 2009), , Oakland Tribune, Retrieved March 10, 2010. # Off-road Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower, retrofit and replace tractors and other agricultural equipment, construction equipment, airport ground support equipment, forklifts.Associated Press (February 16, 2010), , Business Week, Retrieved March 10, 2010. # On-road Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower, retrofit or replace heavy-duty trucks, and buses.Zito, Kelly (July 28, 2009), , San Francisco Chronicle, Retrieved March 10, 2010. There are three forms of funding an applicant may receive under the Carl Moyer Program: # Up to 100% of the retrofit costs—including installation (installing particle traps or diesel oxidation catalysts) # Up to 85% of repower costs, including installation. Repowering is the replacement of the in-use engine with a new engine. # Up to 25% of new vehicle or equipment purchases that are cleaner than the law requires # Up to 85% of the new equipment (Off-Road category only) # Up to $45,000 for a new heavy duty diesel truck On-Road Voucher Incentive Program

Budget

The

receives funding from the

each fiscal year to implement the Carl Moyer Program. In the Carl Moyer Program’s first seven years, from 1998 to 2004, the State of California provided a total of $170 million through annual legislative allocations. Legislative changes in 2004 made provisions to grant the Carl Moyer Program $141 million every year through 2015. Annually, the Air District is awarded a portion of these funds to administer to Bay Area applicants. The Carl Moyer Program is funded by

California Smog Check The California Smog Check Program requires vehicles that were manufactured in 1976 or later to participate in the biennial (every two years) smog check program in participating counties. The program's stated aim is to reduce air pollution from ve ...

fees and new tire purchase fees. The State collects and deposits into the Air Pollution Control Fund $6.00 (as of January, 2010) of the motor vehicle smog check fee to implement the Carl Moyer Program “to the extent that…the moneys are expended to mitigate or remediate the harm caused by the type of motor vehicle on which the fee is imposed”. The State also collects a $1.75 fee (as of January, 2010)on each new tire purchase for the Program. Assembly Bill 1390 requires that air districts across the state with greater than one million inhabitants allocate at least 50% of their Carl Moyer funding in a manner that directly benefits low-income communities and communities of color that are disproportionately affected by air pollution. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District continues to place additional emphasis on funding projects that reduce emissions in its six highest impacted areas within its jurisdiction. Additionally, Mobile Source Incentive Funds are derived from Assembly Bill 923 (AB923), authorizes Air Districts located within a non-attainment area for any pollutant to impose a surcharge of up to $2.00 on the registration fee of motor vehicles registered in its district in order to pay for Carl Moyer-like projects and other emission reduction programs. The State collects these funds and passes them through directly to the respective Air District. On December 21, 2004, the Air District's Board of Directors adopted Resolution 2004-16 to increase the surcharge on vehicles registered within the District boundaries from $4.00 to $6.00 per vehicle. The Department of Motor Vehicles began to collect the increased surcharge in May 2005. The revenues from the additional $2.00 surcharge are deposited in the District’s Mobile Source Incentive Fund.

BAAQMD Carl Moyer program history

1998 – Carl Moyer Program is established. The program receives $25 million in funding. The

begins funding engine upgrades in the San Francisco Bay Area. 1999 – California Air Resources Board adopts the first set of Carl Moyer Program Guidelines and enacts legislation to formally establish the statutory framework for the program. 2001 – New legislation requires local districts with populations of over one million to expend 50% of the program funds for projects that operate or are based in

environmental justice Environmental justice is a social movement that addresses injustice that occurs when poor or marginalized communities are harmed by hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses from which they do not benefit. The movement has gene ...

areas. 2004 – Funding is increased to $141 million per year and continued by new legislation. The program is expanded to include light-duty vehicle projects, agricultural sources of air pollution, and diesel truck pollution. 2005 – Program guidelines are expanded to include off-road projects and zero-emission technologies. 2006 – Air districts are allowed to increase administrative expenditures from 2% of program funds to 5% for air districts with more than 1 million inhabitants and to 10% for those with less than 1 million inhabitants. 2007 - Air District upgrades 300 heavy-duty diesel engines, which reduces emissions by 11,335 tons. 2008 – Program guidelines are revised for the fifth time. The Air District upgrades 360 diesel engines and reduces emissions by 1,291 tons.

Impacted communities

The

Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) Program was initiated in 2004 to evaluate and reduce health risks associated with exposures to outdoor Toxic Air Contaminants (TAC’s) in the Bay Area. The program examines TAC emissions with an emphasis on diesel exhaust, which is a major contributor to airborne health risk in California. The CARE Program found that on-road vehicles contribute 34% of cancer toxicity-weighted emissions in the Bay Area. Further, it found that certain areas, which tend to be low-income areas near transportation corridors, bear a much greater health risk that others, and designated these as Priority Communities.Zito, Kelly (October 17, 2008) , San Francisco Chronicle, Retrieved March 10, 2010.

References

External links

ARB.ca.gov: official California Air Resources Board, Carl Moyer Memorial Air Standards Attainment Program website
{{- Air pollution in California ¤