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Carl Joseph Georg Sigismund Wächter, from 1835 von Wächter, (24 December 1797 – 15 January 1880) was a leading German
jurist A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyzes and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a law degree) and often a Lawyer, legal prac ...
in the 19th century. For a brief period he served as president of the .


Biography


Early life and education

Carl Georg Wächter was born on 24 December 1797 in
Marbach am Neckar Marbach am Neckar (, ) is a town about 20 kilometres north of Stuttgart. It belongs to the district of Ludwigsburg, the Stuttgart region and the European metropolitan region of Stuttgart. Marbach is known as the birthplace of Friedrich Schiller ...
. He came from an old
Württemberg Württemberg ( ; ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart. Together with Baden and Province of Hohenzollern, Hohenzollern, two other histo ...
civil servant family with Saxon roots. He was born the sixth of nine children and was the only son of the lawyer Johann Eberhard von Wächter (1762–1839) and his wife Caroline Luise née von Bühler (1769–1833). Carl Georg von Wächter was a nephew of the Württembergian interior minister and a cousin of the Württembergian minister . Carl Georg von Wächter's paternal grandparents were Eberhard von Wächter (1735–1807), Württemberg court and finance councillor, and Maria Regina née Sigel (1733–1798), on his mother's side Friedrich Gottlob (von) Bühler (1736–1799) and Christine Regina née Feucht (born 1743). Wächter attended a Latin school in
Eßlingen Eßlingen is a municipality in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea ...
and the Gymnasium in Stuttgart. In 1815, after much deliberation, he began studying law. Originally he had wanted to study medicine, but his father thought of theology for his son. In the end, this was decided by King
Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick I (Frederick William Charles, ; 6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816) was the ruler of Württemberg from 1797 to his death. He was the last Duke of Württemberg from 1797 to 1803, then the first and only Elector of Württemberg from ...
, who at that time still approved every course of study by himself and determined that the study of law was the right course for Wächter because his father had also studied law ("Should become a lawyer because his father is a lawyer"). From 8 April 1815 Wächter studied law at the
University of Tübingen The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (; ), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellenc ...
. One of Wächter's professors there was . It was not until 1817 that studies abroad – even in other German states and territories – were permitted. In the same year, Wächter completed a semester in
Heidelberg Heidelberg (; ; ) is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fifth-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with a population of about 163,000, of which roughly a quarter consists of studen ...
to study under
Thibaut Thibaut is a name of French origin, a form of Theobald. It means brave people or courageous people.https://charlies-names.com/en/thibaut/ Surname * Anton Friedrich Justus Thibaut (17721840), German jurist * Bernhard Friedrich Thibaut (17751832), ...
and Welcker, but then returned back to Tübingen. As early as December 1818, Wächter passed his '' Erstes Staatsexamen'' (the first state examination) with the grade "Excellent".


Academic life

In 1819 Wächter was appointed assessor at the court in
Esslingen am Neckar Esslingen am Neckar (Swabian German, Swabian: ''Esslenga am Neckor''; until 16 October 1964 officially '' Eßlingen am Neckar'') is a town in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the Esslingen (district), Distri ...
. But on 13 August 1819 he already became an associate professor of law in Tübingen and in 1822 became a full professor and a
Doctor of Law A Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) is a doctoral degree in legal studies. The abbreviation LL.D. stands for ''Legum Doctor'', with the double “L” in the abbreviation referring to the early practice in the University of Cambridge to teach both canon law ...
. His dissertation was named . From 1825 to 1833, Wächter was professor of law at the University of Tübingen and was also rector and vice-chancellor there from 1825 to 1828. From 1833 to 1835 he taught at
Leipzig University Leipzig University (), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Electo ...
, but returned to Tübingen and was Chancellor of that university from 1835 to 1851 and as such also a member and later President (1839–1848) of the Württemberg Chamber of Deputies of the Landtag. He was made an honorary citizen of the city of Tübingen. In 1848 he was a member of the Vorparlament. In 1851, Wächter went to Lübeck and became the president of the
Oberappellationsgericht der vier Freien Städte The (), since 1867 the (), seated in Lübeck was an appeals court of the German Confederation and the North German Confederation with territorial jurisdiction for Bremen, Free City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Free City of Lübeck, L� ...
succeeding Heise. From 1852, Wächter again became a professor of law at the University of Leipzig and was appointed a member of the State Council by the King of Saxony in 1855 and was Rector of the University from 1858 to 1860. In 1859, as rector of the university, which was celebrating its 450th anniversary, he was made an honorary citizen of the city of Leipzig. Since 1854 he was a full member of the
Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities The Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig () is an institute which was founded in 1846 under the name ''Royal Saxon Society for the Sciences'' (). Notable people * Kurt Aland * Annette Beck-Sickinger * Walther Bothe * Alexander Car ...
. In 1860, he became one of the co-founders of the ''Deutscher Juristentag'', of which he also became the first president. He was re-elected five times to this office. In 1867 he was elected to the constituent Reichstag of the North German Confederation. In 1869, he was appointed a privy councillor and elevated to the Saxon nobility. During his lifetime, Wächter was described as "the greatest German jurist of all time". He died on the 15 January 1880 in
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
. He was buried on the Röcknitz manor (today a district of Thallwitz near Leipzig), which his youngest son Karl Alfred von Wächter had acquired in 1872.


Death

After his death, a street in Leipzig's south-west suburb (Musikviertel) was named after him in 1884, and in 1897 the Leipzig City Council established the "Karl-Georg-von-Wächtersche Stiftung" (Karl Georg von Wächter Foundation), the interest on which, amounting to 120 gold marks annually, paid for a scholarship.


Family

In 1822 he married Johanne Emilie Baumeister (1802–1880) from Hamburg. This marriage produced two sons and two daughters. The elder of the two sons, the lawyer and politician Oskar von Wächter (1825–1902), was also a member of the Second Chamber of the Württemberg Estates. He wrote a biography of his father and posthumously published his Pandekten and lectures on German criminal law. The much younger son, the Royal Chamberlain Baron Karl Alfred von Wächter (1842–1914), studied agriculture in Hohenheim and earned a doctorate in philosophy in Leipzig, where he had already attended the Nikolai Gymnasium. In 1872, he bought the manor house in Röcknitz (Saxony) and in 1875 married Rosalie née Freiin von Soden from Stuttgart, daughter of Baron August Warren Hastings von Soden (1818–1859) and his wife Karoline (Lilli), née Holzschuher (1829–1912). He was founder and chairman of the local agricultural association, member of the 1st Chamber of Estates and chairman of the Leipzig Agricultural District Association, from 1901 onwards on the supervisory board of the Hohburger Quarz-Porphyr-Werke AG and in 1909 was appointed Privy Councillor for Economics. In the Festgabe der Deutschen Juristen-Zeitung zum 500jährigen Jubiläum der Universität Leipzig (ed. by Otto Liebmann. Berlin: Liebmann, 1909, sp. 127-129) he published, among others, a short tribute to his father.


Published works

A complete bibliography of von Wächter's works is given by Christoph Mauntel. His major works include:


Books

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Journal articles

* * * *


Honours and recognitions

* 1835 Knight's Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown, associated with personal nobility * 1836 Honorary citizen of the city of Tübingen * 1839 Commander's Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown * 1859 Honorary Citizen of the City of Leipzig * 1861 Bavarian Order of Maximilian for Science and Art * 1879 Awarded the hereditary nobility of the Kingdom of Saxony * 1884 Wächterstraße was named after him in Leipzig * 1887 The city of Leipzig endowed the Karl-Georg-von-Wächter Foundation * 1904 Wächterstraße was named after him in Dresden


References


Sources

* . * * *


Further reading

* * * * * *


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Wachter, Karl Georg von 1797 births 1880 deaths Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Deputies Rectors of Leipzig University University of Tübingen alumni Academic staff of the University of Tübingen 19th-century German jurists Privy counsellors Members of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation