HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''Cardiocephaloides longicollis'' is a species of flukes. The life cycle of ''C. longicollis'' is asexual as well as complex. Its asexual stage resides in the body of whelks where it replicates many times, and eventually its eggs are dispersed in the water through feces. ''C.longicollis'' begin their early life as free swimming miracidia larvae in the water. They go on to infect
snail A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class G ...
s (intermediate host), and a variety of fishes, usually second intermediate host, in the form of a cercariae. While ''C.longicollis'' has previously been recorded in 19 fish species, researchers have found 12 other species which are viable hosts for ''C.longicollis'' making for a grand total of 31 aquatic species. The final host for this
parasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of lif ...
are the
gull Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and only distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century, ...
s that eat the infected fish in which the parasite has formed
cyst A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble ...
s in. __TOC__


Life cycle

The asexual life cycle of ''C. longicollis'' is complex which involves carnivorous scavenging whelks, a variety of fish, and gulls. The asexual stages of ''C. longicollis'' reside in the body of whelks where it replicates many times, producing a stream of swimming larvae call cercariae. The cercariae then go in the water to infect a variety of different fish. While ''C. longicollis'' has previously been recorded in 19 fish species, researchers have found 12 other species which are also viable hosts for ''C. longicollis'', making for a grand total of 31 aquatic species. The final host for this parasite are gulls, when they eat the fluke that reside in parasitised fish.


Host

The occurrence of C. longicollis was restricted to 3 species of Nassaridae, ''N. corniculum'', ''N. reticulatus'' and ''N. neritea''. Data demonstrate that C. longicollis has a much wider host spectrum in the second intermediate host, by recently adding 12 new host records: ''Diplodus sargus, D. dentex, Spicara maena, Spondyliosoma cantharus, Pagellus acarne, Pagellus erythrinus, Pagellus bogaraveo, Oblada melanura, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus, Coris julis, C. chromis, Serranus scriba''. The Sparidae, Gobiidae and Labriidae are previously recorded host families and the Pomacentridae and Serranidae as new host families, resulting in a total of 31 fish host species from nine fish families.Born-Torrijos, A., Poulin, R., Perez-del-Olmo, A., Culurgioni, J., Raga, J. A., & Holzer, A. S. (2016, June 16)
"An optimised multi-host trematode life cycle: Fishery discards enhance trophic parasite transmission to scavenging birds"
''International Journal for Parasitology'', 46(745), 753rd ser., 1-9.
According to the
World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific speciali ...
, ''C. longicollis'' has been observed in the following hosts:


Intermediate

*
Garfish The garfish (''Belone belone''), also known as the garpike or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Black, and Baltic Seas. Description The ...
(''Belone belone'') * Annular sea bream (''Diplodus annularis'') *
Sphinx blenny The sphinx blenny (''Aidablennius sphynx'') is a species of combtooth blenny, and the only species in the genus ''Aidablennius''. It was described by Achille Valenciennes in 1836, originally under the genus '' Blennius'',Cuvier, G. and A. Valenci ...
(''Aidablennius sphinx'') * ''
Belone euxini ''Belone euxini'' is a species of needlefish which is endemic to the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Sea of Marmara. Many authorities treat this taxon as a subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for ...
'' * Peacock blenny (''Salaria pavo'') * Rusty blenny (''Parablennius sanguinolentus'') *
Tentacled blenny The tentacled blenny (''Parablennius tentacularis'') is a species of combtooth blenny most commonly found in all parts of the Mediterranean Sea (except the eastern part), in the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, and the east Atlantic near t ...
(''Parablennius tentacularis'') * Bogue (''
Boops boops ''Boops boops'' (; from Ancient Greek , literally 'cow-eye'), commonly called the bogue, is a species of seabream native to the eastern Atlantic. Its common name in most languages refers to its large ("bug") eyes. Distribution and habitat The sp ...
'') * Salema porgy (''Sarpa salpa'') * Five-spotted wrasse (''Symphodus roissali'') *
East Atlantic peacock wrasse The East Atlantic peacock wrasse (''Symphodus tinca'') is a species of wrasse native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Spain to Morocco and in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. This species lives around rocks surrou ...
(''Symphodus tinca'') * Goldsinny wrasse (''Ctenolabrus rupestris'') * '' Tritia neritea'' * '' Diplodus vulgaris'' * Shore rockling *
Three-spined stickleback The three-spined stickleback (''Gasterosteus aculeatus'') is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its ra ...
* Bucchich's goby *
Giant goby The giant goby (''Gobius cobitis'') is a species of goby native to coastal marine and brackish waters of the eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea at depths of from . This species is of minor importance to commercial fi ...
*
Black goby The black goby (''Gobius niger'') is a species of ray-finned fish found in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. It inhabits estuaries, lagoons, and inshore water over seagrass and algae. It feeds on a variety of invertebrates ...
*
Grass goby The grass goby (''Zosterisessor ophiocephalus'') is a species of goby native to the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It is currently the only known member of its genus. Characteristics Grass gobies can grow up to long. The ...
* Sand steenbras * Golden grey mullet * So-iuy mullet *
Knout goby ''Mesogobius batrachocephalus'', the knout goby or toad goby, is one of the species of gobiid fish native to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov ( Crimean Tatar: ''Azaq deñizi''; russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye ...
*
Flathead grey mullet The flathead grey mullet (''Mugil cephalus'') is an important food fish species in the mullet family Mugilidae. It is found in coastal tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. Its length is typically . It is known with numerous English name ...
* '' Mullus barbatus ponticus'' * ''
Tritia corniculum ''Tritia corniculum'', common name the horn nassa, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks.Marshall, B. (2016). Tritia cornicula (Olivi, 1792). Accessed through: World ...
'' * Netted dog whelk *
Round goby The round goby (''Neogobius melanostomus'') is a fish. Defined as a euryhaline bottom-dwelling goby of the family Gobiidae, it is native to Central Eurasia, including the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Round gobies have established large non-n ...
*
Ratan goby The ratan goby (''Ponticola ratan'') is a species of goby native to brackish and marine waters of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea. In the Caspian Sea it is presented by subspecies In biological classification, subspecie ...
*
Blackspot seabream The blackspot seabream (''Pagellus bogaraveo''), also known as the red seabream, is a marine ray-finned fish species in family Sparidae. It is widespread in the Eastern Atlantic from Norway to Mauritania, including Macaronesia and the western M ...
* Red porgy * Common goby * '' Proterorhinus marmoratus'' * Ninespine stickleback *
Atlantic bonito The Atlantic bonito (''Sarda sarda'') is a large mackerel-like fish of the family Scombridae. It is common in shallow waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea, where it is an important commercial and game fish. Des ...
*
Brown meagre The brown meagre or corb (''Sciaena umbra'') is a species of croaker found in, the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea occurring in shallow waters and sandy bottoms. It is harvested for human consumption, especially in the Mediterr ...
*
Blackhand sole The blackhand sole (''Pegusa nasuta'') is a fish species in the family Soleidae, common in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. It was considered a subspecies of the sand sole in past, as ''Pegusa lascaris nasuta''. Therefor ...
* Gilt-head bream * ''
Spicara smaris ''Spicara smaris'', one of the picarels, is a species of ray-finned fish native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. It grows to a maximum length of about ; females are usually smaller than males. Description ' ...
'' * Ocellated wrasse *
Red-black triplefin The red-black triplefin (''Tripterygion tripteronotum'') is a species of fish in the family Tripterygiidae, the threefin blennies. It is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. In the Black Sea it occurs off the coasts of the Crim ...
* '' Umbrina cirrosa'' *
Atlantic stargazer The Atlantic stargazer (''Uranoscopus scaber'') is a Marine (ocean), marine, subtropical fish of family Uranoscopidae. Its body is suited for living on the sea floor, and is one of few fish capable of bioelectrogenic, bioelectrogenesis, or the ab ...
*
Viviparous eelpout The viviparous eelpout (''Zoarces viviparus''), also known as the, viviparous blenny and European eelpout is species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. It is notable for being ovoviviparous and gives birth ...


Definitive

*
Great egret The great egret (''Ardea alba''), also known as the common egret, large egret, or (in the Old World) great white egret or great white heron is a large, widely distributed egret. The four subspecies are found in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and ...
* European herring gull * Yellow-legged gull *
Laughing gull The laughing gull (''Leucophaeus atricilla'') is a medium-sized gull of North and South America. Named for its laugh-like call, it is an opportunistic omnivore and scavenger. It breeds in large colonies mostly along the Atlantic coast of North Am ...
* Caspian gull * Common gull * Black-tailed gull *
Ring-billed gull The ring-billed gull (''Larus delawarensis'') is a medium-sized gull. The genus name is from Latin ''Larus'' which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific ''delawarensis'' refers to the Delaware River. Descriptio ...
*
Lesser black-backed gull The lesser black-backed gull (''Larus fuscus'') is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It has increased dramatically in North America, most common alo ...
* Glaucous gull * Pallas's gull *
Great black-backed gull The great black-backed gull (''Larus marinus'') is the largest member of the gull family. Described by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology as "the king of the Atlantic waterfront", it is a very aggressive hunter, pirate, and scavenger. It breeds on ...
*
Little gull The little gull (''Hydrocoloeus minutus'' or ''Larus minutus''), is a small gull that breeds in northern Europe and across the Palearctic. The genus name ''Hydrocoloeus'' is from Ancient Greek , "water", and , a sort of web-footed bird. The speci ...
*
Black-headed gull The black-headed gull (''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'') is a small gull that breeds in much of the Palearctic including Europe and also in coastal eastern Canada. Most of the population is migratory and winters further south, but some birds res ...
*
Sandwich tern The Sandwich tern (''Thalasseus sandvicensis'') is a tern in the family Laridae. It is very closely related to the lesser crested tern (''T. bengalensis''), Chinese crested tern (''T. bernsteini''), Cabot's tern (''T. acuflavidus''), and ele ...


Transmission by human intervention

The parasite, ''C. longicollis'', infections fish that hang around near the sea floor or near the coast, also in shallow lagoon which is significantly higher. This is probably because they are in close proximity to the whelks which are sources of infection. Fish that are around ≤14 cm in length are usually infected with the parasite. The fish in those size range have on average of 73 larvae in their brain. One fish has been recorded to have 220 parasites in its brain. These larger fish live in deeper waters which are out of the gulls' reach, so regardless of their heavy larval fluke load, gulls can't get to them. Those parasites are at a dead end, where they are destined to die or end up in the stomach of another predator which is not a gull. Human intervention are the reason infection is reoccurring. As many as 31 species of fish can be infected with ''C. longicollis'' which are targeted by commercial fishing operations, or end up as by-catch. Many of those by-catch fishes are loaded with parasites and discarded at the port. This pile of parasite-laden fish present opportunistic gulls with a rich and accessible feast. Thus contributing to the transmission.Prévot, G., Bartoli, P., 1980. "Démonstration de l’existence d’un cycle marin chez les Strigeides: Cardiocephalus longicollis Szidat", 1928 (Trematoda: Strigeidae). ''Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp.'' 55, 407–425.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q28432511 Diplostomida