The Carcharodini are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...

in the

skipper butterfly Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy ...

subfamily Pyrginae. They are a very diverse but quite

plesiomorphic In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades. Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, an ...

and inconspicuous group distributed throughout the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred ...

.Brower (2009) Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, they were included in the

Pyrgini The Pyrgini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of genera among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned ...

, which at that time contained a massive number of

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

. But the Pyrginae have since been reorganized to make them and their tribes

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

, leading most modern authors to treat the Carcharodini as distinct tribe. However, the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

perspective. The tribe of the Pyrgini ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' most closely related to the Pyrgini ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' are the strikingly different

Achlyodidini The Achlyodidini (sometimes – but apparently in errorWahlberg ''fide'' Savela (2008) – spelled Achylodidini) are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many species of them are notable for their (by skipper butterfly s ...

. As many consider it desirable to treat this lineage as a distinct tribe, the Carcharodini naturally need to be considered distinct too.

Genera

These genera belong to the tribe Carcharodini: * ''

Agyllia ''Agyllia'' is a genus of spread-wing skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae, erected in 2020. There are at least three described species in ''Agyllia'', all found in Africa. These species were formerly members of the genus ''Spialia''. Spe ...

'' Grishin, 2020 * ''

Arteurotia ''Arteurotia'' is a genus of skipper butterflies genus in the family Hesperiidae. Species Two species are recognised in the genus ''Arteurotia'': * ''Arteurotia celendris'' Hewitson, 1878 * ''Arteurotia tractipennis ''Arteurotia'' is a genus ...

'' Butler & H. Druce, 1872 * '' Austinus'' Mielke & Casagrande, 2016 * ''

Bolla The kulshedra or kuçedra is a water, storm, fire and chthonic demon in Albanian mythology and folklore, usually described as a huge multi-headed female serpentine dragon. The kulshedra is believed to spit fire, cause drought, storms, flooding, ...

'' Mabille, 1903 * '' Burca'' Bell & Comstock, 1948 * ''

Carcharodus ''Carcharodus'' is a Palearctic genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. In genomic research published in 2020, it was determined that six of the eight species in ''Carcharodus'' were more closely related to those in the genus ''Muschampia' ...

'' Hübner,

819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 ( DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis I marries Judith of Bavaria in Aachen.Rogers, B ...

/small> * ''

Clytius Clytius (Ancient Greek: Κλυτίος), also spelled Klythios, Klytios, Clytios, and Klytius, is the name of multiple people in Greek mythology: * Clytius, one of the Giants, sons of Gaia, killed by Hecate during the Gigantomachy, the battle of t ...

'' Grishin, 2019 * ''

Conognathus ''Conognathus'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a ...

'' Felder & Felder, 1862 * ''

Cyclosemia ''Cyclosemia'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a s ...

'' Mabille, 1878 (eyed skippers) * ''

Ernsta ''Ernsta'' is a genus of spread-wing skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. There are about 14 described species in ''Ernsta'', found mainly in Africa. These species were formerly members of the genus ''Spialia''. Species These species bel ...

'' Grishin, 2020 * ''

Favria Favria is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about north of Turin. Favria borders the following municipalities: Rivarolo Canavese, Busano, Oglianico, and Front Front may refe ...

'' Tutt, 1906 * '' Fuscocimex'' Austin, 2008 * ''

Gomalia ''Gomalia'' is a genus of marbled skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. There are three described species in ''Gomalia''. ''Gomalia albofasciata'' was formerly considered subspecies of ''Gomalia elma'', and ''Gomalia jeanneli'' was former ...

'' Moore, 1879 (marbled or African mallow skippers) * '' Gorgopas'' Godman & Salvin, 1894 * ''

Hesperopsis ''Hesperopsis'' is a genus of butterflies in the skipper family, Hesperiidae. Species include:Iliana ''Iliana'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. It was described in 1937 by Ernest Layton Bell, with ''Iliana romulus'' as type species. The genus has a neotropical distribution. Distribution Species mainly occur in Peru, Brazil ...

'' Bell, 1937 * '' Incisus'' Grishin, 2019 * ''

Jera Jera may refer to: * The ''j''-rune, or Jeran * ''Jera'' (butterfly), a genus of skipper butterflies * Jera, Allahabad, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Jera, Unnao, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Jera, Iran, a village in Hamadan Provi ...

'' Lindsey, 1925 * '' Mictris'' Evans, 1955 * ''

Mimia Mimia or some variant thereof may refer to: * ''Mimia'' (butterfly), a living genus of butterflies of the family Hesperiidae * ''Mimia'' (fish), a fossil genus of fish of the class Actinopterygii * ''Tales of Princess Mimia is a Japanese month ...

'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Morvina ''Morvina'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a sepa ...

'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Muschampia ''Muschampia'' is a Palearctic genus of spread-winged skippers in the family Hesperiidae. Species These species belong to the genus ''Muschampia'': * ''Muschampia alta'' (Schwingenschuss, 1942) Southern Italy, Balkan Peninsula * ''Muschampia ...

'' Tutt, 1906 * '' Myrinia'' Evans, 1953 * '' Nisoniades'' Hübner, 1819 * '' Noctuana'' E. Bell, 1937 * ''

Ocella :''"Ocella" is also a generic brand of oral drospirenone contraceptive.'' ''Ocella'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, t ...

'' Evans, 1953 * '' Pachyneuria'' Mabille, 1888 * '' Pellicia'' Herrich-Schaffer, 1870 * '' Perus'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Pholisora'' Scudder, 1872 (sootywings) * ''

Polyctor In Greek mythology, Polyctor (Ancient Greek: Πολύκτωρ) may refer to the following figures: * Polyctor, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus. Apollodorus, 2.1.5 His mother was the naiad Caliadne and thus full brother of Eu ...

'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Sophista ''Sophista'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a sepa ...

'' Plötz, 1879 * ''

Spialia ''Spialia'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, which are mainly found in Africa and Asia. They are commonly called grizzled skippers or sandmen. As a result of genomic research published in 2020, 3 species of ''Spialia'' were mov ...

'' Swinhoe, 1912 (grizzled skippers & sandmen) * ''

Staphylus Staphylus (; Ancient Greek: Στάφυλος "grape cluster") is one of several personages of ancient Greek mythology, almost always associated with grapes or wine: * Staphylus, son of wine-god Dionysus and Ariadne. * Staphylus, beloved of Dion ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1896 (scallopwings) * ''

Viola ; german: Bratsche , alt=Viola shown from the front and the side , image=Bratsche.jpg , caption= , background=string , hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71 , hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone sounded by a bow , range= , related= *Violin family ...

'' Evans, 1953 (Viola skippers) * '' Viuria'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Windia'' H. Freeman, 1969 * ''

Xispia ''Xispia'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separ ...

'' Lindsey, 1925

Footnotes

References

* (2009):

Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site ...

&ndash
Carcharodini
Version of 2009-JUN-14. Retrieved 2009-DEC-26. * Taxa named by Ruggero Verity Butterfly tribes {{Pyrginae-stub