''Candidula'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the family

Geomitridae Geomitridae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-b ...

, .MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25 the hairy snails and their allies. The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.

Species

Species within the genus ''Candidula s.l.'' include:Welter Schultes F.(2009)
"Genus summary for ''Candidula''"
AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014. * ''

Candidula candidescens ''Candidula'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, .MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Candidula castriota'' Soós, 1924 * '' Candidula cavannae'' (Paulucci, 1881) * '' Candidula codia'' (Bourguignat, 1859) * '' Candidula eustricta'' (Bourguignat, 1863) * '' Candidula lernaea'' Hausdorf, 1991 * '' Candidula rhabdotoides'' (Wagner, 1928) * '' Candidula rugosiuscula'' (Michaud, 1831) * † '' Candidula soosi'' (Gaál, 1910) * '' Candidula syrensis'' (Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum) * ''

Candidula unifasciata ''Candidula unifasciata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula unifasciata (Poiret, 1801). Accessed th ...

'' (Poiret, 1801) - type species * '' Candidula verticillata'' (Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear) ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Candidula arganica'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of ''

Zarateana arganica ''Zarateana arganica'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. Distribution This species is endemic to mainland List of non-marine molluscs of Spain, Spa ...

'' (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula belemensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of ''

Xeroplexa belemensis ''Xeroplexa belemensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880). Accessed through: World Register ...

'' (Servain, 1880) * ''Candidula camporroblensis'' (Fez, 1944): synonym of '' Backeljaia camporroblensis'' (Fez, 1944) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula corbellai'' Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of '' Backeljaia corbellai'' (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination) * ''Candidula coudensis'' Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of ''

Xeroplexa coudensis ''Xeroplexa'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helicellinae of the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa ...

'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination) * ''Candidula fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of ''

Xerogyra fiorii ''Xerogyra fiorii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Xerogyra fiorii (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii ...

'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula gigaxii'' (Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of '' Backeljaia gigaxii'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula grovesiana'' (Paulucci, 1881): synonym of ''

Xerogyra grovesiana ''Xerogyra grovesiana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. Distribution This species occurs in Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Sou ...

'' (Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801): synonym of '' Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of '' Backeljaia najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of ''

Xeroplexa olisippensis ''Xeroplexa olisippensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail endemic to Portugal, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa olisippensis (Serva ...

'' (Servain, 1880) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of '' Zarateana rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula setubalensis'' (Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of ''

Xeroplexa setubalensis ''Xeroplexa setubalensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa setubalensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1850). Accessed through: World R ...

'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination) * ''Candidula spadae'' (Calcara, 1845): synonym of ''

Xerogyra spadae ''Xerogyra spadae'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xerogyra spadae (Calcara, 1845). Accessed through: World ...

'' (Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination) * † ''Candidula striataformis'' (Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of †

Helicella striataformis ''Helicella'' is a genus of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helicellinae of the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaB ...

(Lörenthey, 1906) * ''Candidula ultima'' (Mousson, 1872): synonym of ''

Orexana ultima ''Orexana ultima'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae Geomitridae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate ga ...

'' (Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the

polyphyly A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which ar ...

of the genus being divided into at least six genera The species of ''Candidula s.l.'' should be classified as follows: * '' Backeljaia'' **''Backeljaia camporroblensis'' (Fez, 1944) ** ''Backeljaia corbellai'' (Martínez-Ortí, 2011) ** ''Backeljaia gigaxii'' (Pfeiffer, 1847)

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

** ''Backeljaia najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) *''Candidula'' * ''

Orexana ''Orexana'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. It is distributed along west coast of Morocco and Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; ) or Canaries are an ...

'' **''

'' (Mousson, 1872)

* ''

Xerogyra ''Xerogyra'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. The genus is distributed in the Italian Peninsula. ''Xerogyra'' species were within the genus ''Candidula'' until a ...

'' **''Xerogyra fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938) ** ''Xerogyra grovesiana'' (Paulucci, 1881) ** ''

'' (Calcara, 1845) * ''

Xeroplexa ''Xeroplexa'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helicellinae of the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). Mollu ...

'' **''

Xeroplexa arrabidensis ''Xeroplexa arrabidensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa arrabidensis (G. A. Holyoak & D. T. Ho ...

'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) ** ''Xeroplexa belemensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of

(Servain, 1880) ** ''

Xeroplexa carrapateirensis ''Xeroplexa carrapateirensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. The species epithet ''carrapateirensis'' is an adjective derived from the type locality near Carrapatei ...

'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) ** ''Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) ** ''Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801) ** ''Xeroplexa olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880) ** '' Xeroplexa ponsulensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014) ** ''

Xeroplexa scabiosula ''Xeroplexa scabiosula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xeroplexa scabiosula (Locard, 1899). Accessed through: World Register ...

'' (Locard, 1899) ** ''

'' (Pfeiffer, 1850)

** ''Xeroplexa strucki'' (Maltzan, 1886) * ''

Zarateana ''Zarateana'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Zarateana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira ...

'' **''

'' (Servain, 1880)

** '' Zarateana rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)

References

* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

External links

Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34

Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368
Gastropod genera {{Geomitridae-stub