''Candidula'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of air-breathing
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...
s,
terrestrial pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...
gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s in the family
Geomitridae
Geomitridae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-b ...
,
.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25] the hairy snails and their allies.
The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.
Species
Species within the genus ''Candidula
s.l.'' include:
[Welter Schultes F.(2009)]
"Genus summary for ''Candidula''"
AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.
* ''
Candidula candidescens''
A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
* ''
Candidula castriota''
Soós, 1924
* ''
Candidula cavannae''
(Paulucci, 1881)
* ''
Candidula codia''
(Bourguignat, 1859)
* ''
Candidula eustricta''
(Bourguignat, 1863)
* ''
Candidula lernaea''
Hausdorf, 1991
* ''
Candidula rhabdotoides''
(Wagner, 1928)
* ''
Candidula rugosiuscula''
(Michaud, 1831)
* † ''
Candidula soosi''
(Gaál, 1910)
* ''
Candidula syrensis''
(Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum)
* ''
Candidula unifasciata''
(Poiret, 1801) - type species
* ''
Candidula verticillata''
(Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Candidula arganica''
(Servain, 1880): synonym of ''
Zarateana arganica''
(Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula belemensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa belemensis''
(Servain, 1880)
* ''Candidula camporroblensis''
(Fez, 1944): synonym of ''
Backeljaia camporroblensis''
(Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula corbellai''
Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of ''
Backeljaia corbellai''
(Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
* ''Candidula coudensis''
Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of ''
Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
* ''Candidula fiorii''
(Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of ''
Xerogyra fiorii''
(Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula gigaxii''
(Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of ''
Backeljaia gigaxii''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula grovesiana''
(Paulucci, 1881): synonym of ''
Xerogyra grovesiana''
(Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula intersecta''
(Poiret, 1801): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula najerensis''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of ''
Backeljaia najerensis''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula olisippensis''
(Servain, 1880): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa olisippensis''
(Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula rocandioi''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of ''
Zarateana rocandioi''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula setubalensis''
(Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa setubalensis''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula spadae''
(Calcara, 1845): synonym of ''
Xerogyra spadae''
(Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
* † ''Candidula striataformis''
(Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of †
Helicella striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906)
* ''Candidula ultima''
(Mousson, 1872): synonym of ''
Orexana ultima''
(Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)
Taxonomy
Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the
polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which ar ...
of the genus being divided into at least six genera
The species of ''Candidula s.l.'' should be classified as follows:
* ''
Backeljaia''
**''Backeljaia camporroblensis''
(Fez, 1944)
** ''Backeljaia corbellai'' (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
** ''Backeljaia gigaxii'' (Pfeiffer, 1847)
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
** ''Backeljaia najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
*''Candidula''
* ''
Orexana''
**''
Orexana ultima'' (Mousson, 1872)
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
* ''
Xerogyra''
**''Xerogyra fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
** ''Xerogyra grovesiana'' (Paulucci, 1881)
** ''
Xerogyra spadae'' (Calcara, 1845)
* ''
Xeroplexa''
**''
Xeroplexa arrabidensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
** ''Xeroplexa belemensis''
(Servain, 1880): synonym of
Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
** ''
Xeroplexa carrapateirensis''
(Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
** ''Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
** ''Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801)
** ''Xeroplexa olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880)
** ''
Xeroplexa ponsulensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
** ''
Xeroplexa scabiosula''
(Locard, 1899)
** ''
Xeroplexa setubalensis''
(Pfeiffer, 1850) type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
** ''Xeroplexa strucki''
(Maltzan, 1886)
* ''
Zarateana''
**''
Zarateana arganica'' (Servain, 1880)
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
** ''
Zarateana rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
References
* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.
External links
Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368
Gastropod genera
{{Geomitridae-stub