Camphora Parthenoxylon

''Camphora parthenoxylon'' is an evergreen tree in the genus '' Camphora'', tall. It is native to South and East Asia (Bhutan, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam).

Nomenclature

''Camphora parthenoxylon'' is known variously as Selasian wood, saffrol laurel, or Martaban camphor wood in English. It has the outdated Synonym (taxonomy)#Heterotypic synonym, heterotypic synonym ''Laurus porrecta'' (William Roxburgh, Roxb.). The species name ''parthenoxylon'' derives from ''parthenos xylon'' (), meaning "virgin wood".

The common name in Chinese is ''huangzhang'' () and in Spanish language, Spanish ''alcanforero amarillo'', both meaning "yellow camphor". In Vietnamese it is called and in Cambodia, it is thought to be the tree known as ().

Description

''Camphora parthenoxylon'' is an evergreen tree, which grows up to 50 metres tall.Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011). Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. ''Blumea – Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants'', Volume 56, Number 3, 2011, pp. 241–264(24). Naturalis Biodiversity Center DOI: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911X615168 with a trunk to 60 cm in diameter. The tree has gray to brown Bark (botany), bark. Its leaves are glossy green ovals 7–10 cm long with a point at the end. Like many plants in the Lauraceae, the leaves give off a pleasant smell when crushed. The flowers appear in clusters and are green and very small. The fruits are blackish drupes.

Range and habitat

''Camphora parthenoxylon'' ranges from Nepal and the eastern Himalayas through Assam, Indochina, southern China, Hainan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is very large at 8,025,973 km², and its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 520 km².

It grows in primary and secondary lowland and montane tropical and subtropical humid forests, from sea level to 2,000 metres elevation. It can grow on sand, sandstone, or granite substrates.

In Borneo it is found in Sarawak (Kuching and Lundu districts), Sabah (Keningau, Kota Belud, Lahad Datu, Pensiangan, Ranau, Sandakan, Tambunan, Tawau, and Tenom districts), and East Kalimantan, where it grows in Borneo lowland rain forests, lowland and Borneo montane rain forests, montane rain forest to 2000 metres elevation, and is often found in secondary vegetation.

Uses

The aromatic Bark (botany), bark of the plant is used for flavoring, not unlike many other ''Cinnamomum'' species.

The tree is of special concern, as it is being harvested at a high rate to obtain safrole, a precursor to the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide, the flavorant and fragrance piperonal, and the psychoactive drug MDMA. Much of this illicit harvesting is happening in the Cardamom Mountains and Botum Sakor National Park in Cambodia at the moment.
The documentary film "Forest of ecstasy" (Vanguard (TV series), Vanguard 2009) is investigating the issue on location.

An extract from the bark has been shown in rats to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia.

In Indonesia, the flowers of ''C. parthenoxylon'' symbolize love and connection between the living and the dead. Traditionally, in the Kudus Regency on the island of Java, the flowers were scattered on tombs by family members.

Conservation

In 2004, the Cambodian government classified ''C. parthenoxylon'' as a rare species and prohibited any logging of this tree. In addition, the production, import, and export of safrole rich oils has been illegal in Cambodia since 2007.

In Vietnam the tree is considered critically endangered.

References

;Bibliography

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q110692157, from2=Q2629453, from3=Q50846586

Camphora, parthenoxylon
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Medicinal plants of Asia
Data deficient plants
Trees of China
Flora of tropical Asia
Flora of the Borneo lowland rain forests
Flora of the Borneo montane rain forests
Plants described in 1864
Lauraceae of Borneo
Taxa named by William Jack (botanist)