''Calyptronoma rivalis'' is a

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...

ly compound leaved

palm Palm most commonly refers to: * Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand * Palm plants, of family Arecaceae ** List of Arecaceae genera **Palm oil * Several other plants known as "palm" Palm or Palms may also refer to: Music ...

species that is native to the Caribbean islands of

Hispaniola Hispaniola (, also ) is an island between Geography of Cuba, Cuba and Geography of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and the second-largest by List of C ...

(in both

Haiti Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of the Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican ...

and the

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean. It shares a Maritime boundary, maritime border with Puerto Rico to the east and ...

) and

Puerto Rico ; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Government of Puerto Rico, self-governing Caribbean Geography of Puerto Rico, archipelago and island organized as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated territo ...

. Its common names include palma de manaca and Puerto Rican manac.

Taxonomy

In 1995, botanists revised the

taxonomy image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...

of the genus ''Calyptronoma'', placing ''Calyptronoma quisqueyana'' in

synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

with the rare palm.USFWS
Palma de Manaca: Five-year Review.
2007.Zona, S. (1995). A Revision of ''Calyptronoma'' (Arecaceae). ''Principles'' 39(3): 140-151. Then the species included all of the individuals previously named ''C. quisqueyana'', extending its distribution to the island of Hispaniola, where it is common.

Description

''C. rivalis'' stems grow singly, and reach heights of 4–15 m, with stems 15–30 cm in diameter. It grows in waterlogged areas near the banks of streams; on Hispaniola, it occurs at less than 450 m

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level ...

, and ''

Calyptronoma plumeriana ''Calyptronoma plumeriana'' is a pinnately compound leaved palm species which is native to Cuba and Hispaniola (both Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Description ''C. plumeriana'' stems grow singly and reach heights of , with stems in diamet ...

'' replaces it above that elevation.

Conservation

This palm was added to the

Endangered Species list On 29 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 5220 (2754 animals, 1 fungus, 2464 plant, 1 protist) endangered species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations. For IUCN lists of endangered species by kingdo ...

of the United States in 1990, with a threatened status.USFWS
Determination of threatened status for the plant ''Calyptronoma rivalis''.
''Federal Register'' February 6, 1990. At that time it was believed to be endemic to Puerto Rico and limited to 3 populations with an estimated 220 total individuals remaining. Furthermore, its numbers on Puerto Rico increased to over 500, and then it was reintroduced to a few new areas on the island. The

United States Fish and Wildlife Service The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is a List of federal agencies in the United States, U.S. federal government agency within the United States Department of the Interior which oversees the management of fish, wildlife, ...

has not removed the palm from the Endangered Species list, because Puerto Rican individuals are on private land, are not protected, and in some cases, are not reproducing successfully. The plants are located on land that is threatened with

habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss or habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved elsewhere, or are dead, leading to a decrease ...

from development and habitat degradation resulting from poor

management Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether businesses, nonprofit organizations, or a Government agency, government bodies through business administration, Nonprofit studies, nonprofit management, or the political s ...

. The palm is more plentiful on Hispaniola, but its status there was not well known at the time. However, a 2022 evaluation of the species by the

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological ...

considered the species as "

Least Concern A least-concern species is a species that has been evaluated and categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as not being a focus of wildlife conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wil ...

References

External links

USDA Plants Profile
rivalis Trees of Puerto Rico Trees of Haiti Trees of the Dominican Republic {{palm-stub