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A calvary, also called calvary hill, Sacred Mount, or Sacred Mountain, is a type of Christianity, Christian sacred place, built on the slopes of a hill, composed by a set of chapels, usually laid out in the form of a pilgrims' way. It is intended to represent the passion (Christianity), passion of Jesus Christ and takes its name after Calvary, the hill in Jerusalem where crucifixion of Jesus, Jesus was crucified.
These function as greatly expanded versions of the Stations of the Cross that are usual in Catholic churches, allowing the devout to follow the progress of the stages of the Passion of Christ along the Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem. Each chapel contains a large image of the scene from the Passion it commemorates, sometimes in sculpture, that may be up to life-size. This kind of shrine was especially popular in the Baroque period when the Holy Land was under Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish rule and it was dangerous and highly difficult to make a pilgrimage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Calvaries were especially popular with the Franciscan and Jesuit orders, and are most common in Italy, the Catholic regions of Germany, and Habsburg-ruled Central Europe. They were usually placed in parks near a church or a monastery, typically on a hill which the visitor gradually ascends. Italian ones are usually called a ''sacro monte'' ("holy mountain" or "hill"); there are a group of nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy that are especially notable; their dates of foundation vary between 1486 and 1712. Devotions would be most popular in Passion Week, before Easter, when large processions around the stations would be held, and mystery plays might also be acted. If a calvary was established in an inhabited place, it might result in a location of a new village or town. Several villages and towns are named after such a complex.
/ref> Martin Luther translated Golgatha as "skull place" (''Scheddelstet''). This translation is debated; at the very least it is not clear whether it referred to the shape of the hill, its use as a place of execution or burial or refers to something else."Mount Calvary" article in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (English)
/ref> "Calvary hill" today refers to a roughly life-size depiction of the scenes of the Passion of Christ, with sculptures of additional figures. These scenes are set up on the slopes of a hill. The traditional fourteen Stations of the Cross are usually laid out on the way up to the top of the pilgrimage hill and there is often a small, remote church (building), church or chapel located between a few dozen to several hundred metres away. Calvary hills must not be confused with calvary (monument), calvaries, which are a specific type of wayside monumental crucifix, a tradition mostly found in Brittany especially in the Finistère, built in parish closes between 1450 and the 17th century.
File:GuentherZ 2010-08-21 0197 Retz Kalvarienberg Kreuzigungsgruppe.jpg, Multi-figure wayside monument
(Calvary Hill, Retz, Retz) File:085 Grazer Kalvarienberg Lend, - J.F.Kaiser Lithografirte Ansichten der Steiermark 1830.jpg, The Calvary Hill in Lend (Graz) around 1830 File:St. Radegund Kalvarienberg 20090925 208.jpg, Calvary hill and Stations of the Cross chapel
(Calvary Hill, St. Radegund bei Graz, St. Radegund bei Graz) File:Graz-Kalvarienberg 1651a.jpg, Shrine with numerous chapels
(Grazer Kalvarienberg, Graz) File:Innsbruck-Arzl-Kalvarienberg4.jpg, Hill chapel with Stations of the Cross
(Arzl (Innsbruck), Arzl bei Innsbruck) File:Kalva06b.JPG, Park-like layout
(Křížový vrch (Cvikov), Cvikov) File:Kreuzweg bei Jiřetín pod Jedlovou.jpg, Freely visible landscape monument on the summit
(Křížová hora (Lusatian Mountains), Calvary hill near Jiřetín pod Jedlovou) Krastowa Gora Palmsonntag 2009-04-05 07-46.jpg, Layout at a monastery
(Krastowa Gora)
* in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou
* in Cvikov
*Žemaičių Kalvarija
*Kalvarija, Lithuania
*Verkiai Calvary
auf panoramio.com
Documentation centre for Sacri Monti, calvary hills and European sites of commemorationElżbieta Bilska-Wodecka, ''European Calvaries: Analysis of Structures, Types and Origins''Sacri Monti: From Jerusalem to Sacred MountsPolish Calvaries: Architecture as a Stage for the Passion of Christ
{{Authority control Catholic Church in Minnesota Christianity in Jerusalem Christian buildings and structures Christian pilgrimages German-American culture in Minnesota Stations of the Cross Sculptures of the Passion of Jesus, * Baroque architecture Medieval architecture Renaissance architecture
A calvary, also called calvary hill, Sacred Mount, or Sacred Mountain, is a type of Christianity, Christian sacred place, built on the slopes of a hill, composed by a set of chapels, usually laid out in the form of a pilgrims' way. It is intended to represent the passion (Christianity), passion of Jesus Christ and takes its name after Calvary, the hill in Jerusalem where crucifixion of Jesus, Jesus was crucified.
These function as greatly expanded versions of the Stations of the Cross that are usual in Catholic churches, allowing the devout to follow the progress of the stages of the Passion of Christ along the Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem. Each chapel contains a large image of the scene from the Passion it commemorates, sometimes in sculpture, that may be up to life-size. This kind of shrine was especially popular in the Baroque period when the Holy Land was under Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish rule and it was dangerous and highly difficult to make a pilgrimage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Calvaries were especially popular with the Franciscan and Jesuit orders, and are most common in Italy, the Catholic regions of Germany, and Habsburg-ruled Central Europe. They were usually placed in parks near a church or a monastery, typically on a hill which the visitor gradually ascends. Italian ones are usually called a ''sacro monte'' ("holy mountain" or "hill"); there are a group of nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy that are especially notable; their dates of foundation vary between 1486 and 1712. Devotions would be most popular in Passion Week, before Easter, when large processions around the stations would be held, and mystery plays might also be acted. If a calvary was established in an inhabited place, it might result in a location of a new village or town. Several villages and towns are named after such a complex.
Terminology
The Mount of Calvary was the site outside the gates of Jerusalem where the crucifixion of Christ took place. The scene was replicated around the world in numerous "calvary hills" after the Counter-Reformation and they are used by Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholics in particular as part of their worship and veneration of God. The term is derived from St Jerome's Ecclesiastical Latin translation in the Vulgate of the Aramaic languages, Aramaic name for original hill, ''Golgotha'', where it is termed ''calvariae locus'' "the place of the skull".Bibliotheca Augustana: Hieronimi Vulgata, Evangelium Secondum Lucam, 23:33/ref> Martin Luther translated Golgatha as "skull place" (''Scheddelstet''). This translation is debated; at the very least it is not clear whether it referred to the shape of the hill, its use as a place of execution or burial or refers to something else."Mount Calvary" article in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (English)
/ref> "Calvary hill" today refers to a roughly life-size depiction of the scenes of the Passion of Christ, with sculptures of additional figures. These scenes are set up on the slopes of a hill. The traditional fourteen Stations of the Cross are usually laid out on the way up to the top of the pilgrimage hill and there is often a small, remote church (building), church or chapel located between a few dozen to several hundred metres away. Calvary hills must not be confused with calvary (monument), calvaries, which are a specific type of wayside monumental crucifix, a tradition mostly found in Brittany especially in the Finistère, built in parish closes between 1450 and the 17th century.
(Calvary Hill, Retz, Retz) File:085 Grazer Kalvarienberg Lend, - J.F.Kaiser Lithografirte Ansichten der Steiermark 1830.jpg, The Calvary Hill in Lend (Graz) around 1830 File:St. Radegund Kalvarienberg 20090925 208.jpg, Calvary hill and Stations of the Cross chapel
(Calvary Hill, St. Radegund bei Graz, St. Radegund bei Graz) File:Graz-Kalvarienberg 1651a.jpg, Shrine with numerous chapels
(Grazer Kalvarienberg, Graz) File:Innsbruck-Arzl-Kalvarienberg4.jpg, Hill chapel with Stations of the Cross
(Arzl (Innsbruck), Arzl bei Innsbruck) File:Kalva06b.JPG, Park-like layout
(Křížový vrch (Cvikov), Cvikov) File:Kreuzweg bei Jiřetín pod Jedlovou.jpg, Freely visible landscape monument on the summit
(Křížová hora (Lusatian Mountains), Calvary hill near Jiřetín pod Jedlovou) Krastowa Gora Palmsonntag 2009-04-05 07-46.jpg, Layout at a monastery
(Krastowa Gora)
Calvaries in the world
Austria
Burgenland
* Bergkirche, Eisenstadt, Calvary Hill, Bergkirche in Eisenstadt * Calvary Hill, Frauenkirchen * Calvary Hill, Lockenhaus * in Neusiedl am See * in PinkafeldCarinthia
* in Sankt Paul im Lavanttal * in Sankt Stefan im GailtalLower Austria
* near the Aggsbach Charterhouse in Aggsbach, a village in the Wachau * in Falkenstein (Lower Austria), Falkenstein in the wine quarter * in Kirchberg am Wechsel * in Lilienfeld, largest calvary hill in Austria * in Marbach an der Donau * in Pilgrimage Church, Maria Lanzendorf, Maria-Lanzendorf near Vienna * in Pillersdorf (Zellerndorf), Pillersdorf in the wine quarter * Calvary Hill, Retz * in Eggenburg#Sights, Eggenburg * in Zwettl-Niederösterreich, ZwettlUpper Austria
* Calvary Hill, Aigen in the Mühlkreis * in Freistadt * Calvary Hill, Gosau * Calvary Hill, Kremsmünster * in St. Martin im Innkreis * in SchwertbergSalzburg
* Calvary Hill, Maria Bühel * Calvary Hill, Maria Plain * in Oberndorf bei SalzburgStyria
* Calvary Hill, (Bruck an der Mur) * Calvary Hill, (Deutschfeistritz) * Grazer Kalvarienberg, Kalvarienberg (Graz) * Calvary Hill, Leoben * in Sankt Margarethen bei Knittelfeld * Calvary Hill (Sankt Radegund bei Graz) *Calvary Hill, (Feldbach)Tyrol
* Calvary Hill Chapel, Arzl, in the Innsbruck quarter of Arzl (Innsbruck), Arzl * in Kufstein * Calvary Hill, ThaurVienna
* in HernalsBelarus
* in Miadziel (a small town north of Minsk (Мядзел)) * in Minsk (Мінск)Belgium
* in Moresnet/Plombières * in MalmedyBolivia
* Cerro CalvarioCanada
* Oka National Park#The Oka Calvary Trail, The Oka Calvary Trail near Oka, QuébecCroatia
* Calvary Hill near Aljmaš, Croatia, AljmašCzech Republic
* in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou
* in Cvikov
Ethiopia
*LalibelaEngland
Mount St Bernard Abbey, Leicestershire.Germany
: (in alphabetical order by place) * Calvary Hill, Ahrweiler (with Kalvarienberg Abbey), Ahrweiler, county of Ahrweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate * Calvary Hill, Aiterbach, Aiterbach, county of Freising, Bavaria * Calvary Hill Chapel, Altomünster *in Bad Kissingen *in Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler (as a school) *in Bad Laer *in Bad Tölz, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Bavaria *in Calvary Hill, Berchtesgaden, Berchtesgaden * Calvary Hill, Bergheim, Bergheim, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia *in Calvary Hill, Bidingen, Bidingen, county of Ostallgäu *in Birkungen (Thuringia) *in Burladingen *in Cham (Upper Palatinate) *in Donauwörth * Calvary Hill, Dorweiler, Dorweiler, county of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia *in Ebnath, Ebnath in the Oberpfalz *in Falkenberg (Oberpfalz) *in Fichtelberg (Oberfranken) *in Fulda * Calvary Hill, Füssen, Calvary Hill, Füssen, county of Ostallgäu, Bavaria * Calvary Hill, Greding, Calvary Hill, Greding, county of Roth, Bavaria *in Görlitz in the Heiliges Grab (Görlitz), Heiligen-Grab-Ensemble * Calvary Hill, Gundelsheim, Württemberg *in Immenstadt in the Allgäu, Immenstadt *near the Pilgrimage Church, Allerheiligen (Jettingen-Scheppach), Pilgrimage Church, Allerheiligen in Jettingen-Scheppach *in the pilgrimage village of Kinzweiler * Calvary Hill, Kirchenthumbach, Kirchenthumbach, county of Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Bavaria * (Klosterlechfeld see below) * in Konnersreuth * Calvary Hill, Lauterhofen, Calvary Hill, Lauterhofen, county of Neumarkt in the Oberpfalz, Bavaria *in Lenggries *in Lübeck (''Jerusalemsberg'') *in Marsberg *at Kreuzberg Abbey in the Rhön * Calvary Hill, Neusath, Calvary Hill, Neusath, county of Schwandorf, Bavaria *in Ostritz, Sachsen *at St. Marienthal Abbey * Calvary Hill, Parsberg, Calvary Hill, Parsberg, county of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria *in Peiting in Upper Bavaria *in Pfreimd *in Pillig in Rhineland-Palatinate *in Pobenhausen and also in Palling, both in Upper Bavaria *in Possenhofen municipality of Pöcking on Lake Starnberg *in the Devil's Cave near Pottenstein * Calvary Hill, Prüm, Calvary Hill, Prüm, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate * Calvary Hill, Alendorf, Calvary Hill, Alendorf, in the municipality of Blankenheim (Ahr), Blankenheim * Calvary Hill, Reicholzried *in Sichtigvor on the Loermund *in Stühlingen * Calvary Hill, Schwabegg, Calvary Hill, Schwabegg, county of Augsburg, Bavaria *in Sonthofen *in Straelen on the Lower Rhine *bei Wettenhausen in the municipality of Kammeltal *in Wenigmünchen (near Munich) *in Xanten am Niederrhein *in Zell in the Wiesental chapel on the Möhrenberg *the Calvary Hill, Klosterlechfeld, Calvary Hill at the pilgrimage site of Klosterlechfeld in Bavaria there is not stations of the cross path, but a monument with outside staircase.Greece
* on the hill of Filerimos on RhodesHungary
* Calvary Hill in PécsItaly
*Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy *Sacro Monte di Varallo *Sacred Mount Calvary of Domodossola *San Vivaldo Monastery, Montaione, San Vivaldo Monastery in Montaione *Sacro Monte di Orta *Sacro Monte di Varese *Sacro Monte di Crea *Sacro Monte di Ghiffa *Sacro Monte di Ossuccio *Sacro Monte di Oropa *Sacro Monte di BelmonteLithuania
*Žemaičių Kalvarija
*Kalvarija, Lithuania
*Verkiai Calvary
Poland
*Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, near Kraków *Góra Kalwaria, near Warsaw *Wejherowo, near Gdańsk *Kalwaria Pacławska, near Przemyśl *Kalwaria Panewnicka, in Katowice *Pakość, near Inowrocław *Góra Świętej Anny, near Opole *Wambierzyce, near Kłodzko *Ujście, near Piła *Krzeszów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Krzeszów, near Wałbrzych *Pszów, near Wodzisław Śląski *Bardo, Poland, Bardo, near Kłodzko *Piekary Śląskie, near Bytom *Głotowo, near Olsztyn *Wiele, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Wiele, near Chojnice *Kodeń, near Biała PodlaskaRomania
* in the village of Biled, Billed, county of Timiș County, TimișKalvarienbergauf panoramio.com
Slovakia
*Kalvária Banská Štiavnica *Prešov *Spišský Jeruzalem *Bratislava - the oldest calvary in Hungarian kingdom *Marianka *Skalica *Rožňava *Nitra *Doľany, Pezinok DistrictSlovenia
* in Šmarje pri Jelšah * Kalvarija (Maribor)Spain
* in Pollença#Sights, Poll ençaUnited States
* Assumption Chapel, near Cold Spring, Minnesota * Calvary Hill (formerly), St Cloud, Minnesota * Way of the Cross, New Ulm, MinnesotaWales
* St David's Capuchin Friary, Pantasaph, FlintshireJan Morris (1984), ''The Matter of Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country'', Oxford University Press. Page 103.See also
*blessed Alvarez of Córdoba *Christian Kruik van Adrichem * Stations of the CrossReferences
Literature
German: * * * – ''Philologische Studien und Quellen'' 2, * * French: * – also in the Breton language * – ''Mémoires de l'histoire'' * – ''Les universels Gisserot'' 13,External links
Documentation centre for Sacri Monti, calvary hills and European sites of commemoration
{{Authority control Catholic Church in Minnesota Christianity in Jerusalem Christian buildings and structures Christian pilgrimages German-American culture in Minnesota Stations of the Cross Sculptures of the Passion of Jesus, * Baroque architecture Medieval architecture Renaissance architecture