Žemaičių Kalvarijos bažnyčia mišios, 2006

A calvary, also called calvary hill, Sacred Mount, or Sacred Mountain, is a type of

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

sacred place, built on the slopes of a

hill A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit. Terminology The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as ...

, composed by a set of

chapel A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common typ ...

s, usually laid out in the form of a

pilgrims' way The Pilgrims' Way (also Pilgrim's Way or Pilgrims Way) is the historical route supposedly taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent. This name, of comparatively recent coinage ...

. It is intended to represent the passion of

Jesus Christ Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...

and takes its name after

Calvary Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early me ...

, the hill in

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

where, according to tradition, Jesus was crucified. Domodossola_Sacro_Monte

These function as greatly expanded versions of the

Stations of the Cross The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross, also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis, refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers. The stations grew out of imita ...

that are usual in Catholic churches, allowing the devout to follow the progress of the stages of the

Passion of Christ In Christianity, the Passion (from the Latin verb ''patior, passus sum''; "to suffer, bear, endure", from which also "patience, patient", etc.) is the short final period in the life of Jesus Christ. Depending on one's views, the "Passion" m ...

along the

Via Dolorosa The ''Via Dolorosa'' (Latin, 'Sorrowful Way', often translated 'Way of Suffering'; ar, طريق الآلام; Hebrew: ויה דולורוזה) is a processional route in the Old City of Jerusalem. It represents the path that Jesus would have t ...

. Each chapel contains a large image of the scene from the Passion it commemorates, sometimes in sculpture, that may be up to life-size. This kind of

shrine A shrine ( la, scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: ''escrin'' "box or case") is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they ...

was especially popular in the Baroque period when the

Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Ho ...

was under Turkish rule and it was difficult to make a

pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...

to the Mount Calvary in Jerusalem. Calvaries were especially popular with the

Franciscan , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

and Jesuit orders, and are most common in Italy and Habsburg Central Europe. They were usually placed in parks near a church or a monastery, typically on a hill which the visitor gradually ascends. Italian ones are usually called a ''sacro monte'' ("holy mountain" or "hill"); there are a group of nine

Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy The (plural of , Italian language, Italian for "Sacred Mountain") of Piedmont and Lombardy are a series of nine Calvary (sanctuary), calvaries or groups of chapels and other Architecture, architectural features created in northern Italy during th ...

that are especially notable; their dates of foundation vary between 1486 and 1712. Devotions would be most popular in Passion Week, before

Easter Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samuel ...

, when large processions around the stations would be held, and

mystery play Mystery plays and miracle plays (they are distinguished as two different forms although the terms are often used interchangeably) are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. Medieval mystery plays focused on the represe ...

s might be acted. If a calvary was established in an inhabited place, it might result in a location of a new village or town. Several villages and towns are named after such a complex.

Terminology

The Mount of

was the site outside the gates of

where the

crucifixion of Christ The crucifixion and death of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33. It is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament epistles, attested to by other ancient sources, and consider ...

took place. The scene was replicated around the world in numerous "calvary hills" after the Counter-Reformation and they are used by

Roman Catholics The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

in particular as part of their worship and veneration of God. The term is derived from the Latin translation in the

Vulgate The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Bible translations into Latin, Latin translation of the Bible. The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus&nbs ...

of the

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated i ...

name for original hill, ''

Golgotha Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early mediev ...

'', where it was called ''calvariae locus'',

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

for "the place of the skull".Bibliotheca Augustana: Hieronimi Vulgata, Evangelium Secondum Lucam, 23:33
/ref>

Martin Luther Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Luther ...

translated Golgatha as "skull place" (''Scheddelstet''). This translation is debated; at the very least it is not clear whether it referred to the shape of the hill, its use as a place of execution or burial or refers to something else."Mount Calvary" article in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (English)
/ref> "Calvary hill" today refers to a roughly life-size depiction of the scenes of the

, with sculptures of additional figures. These scenes are set up on the slopes of a

. The traditional fourteen

stations of the cross The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross, also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis, refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers. The stations grew out of imita ...

are usually laid out on the way up to the top of the

hill and there is often a small, remote

church Church may refer to: Religion * Church (building), a building for Christian religious activities * Church (congregation), a local congregation of a Christian denomination * Church service, a formalized period of Christian communal worship * Ch ...

located between a few dozen to several hundred metres away. Calvary hills must not be confused with calvaries, which are a specific type of wayside monumental crucifix, a tradition mostly found in

Brittany Brittany (; french: link=no, Bretagne ; br, Breizh, or ; Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'' ) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period o ...

especially in the

Finistère Finistère (, ; br, Penn-ar-Bed ) is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany. In 2019, it had a population of 915,090.

, built in parish closes between 1450 and the 17th century. File:GuentherZ 2010-08-21 0197 Retz Kalvarienberg Kreuzigungsgruppe.jpg, Multi-figure wayside monument
(

Retz Retz is a town with a population of 4,168 in the Hollabrunn District in Lower Austria, Austria. Geography Retz is located in the north western Weinviertel in Lower Austria. The municipality's area covers 45,01 km². 11.83 percent of this ...

) File:085 Grazer Kalvarienberg Lend, - J.F.Kaiser Lithografirte Ansichten der Steiermark 1830.jpg, The Calvary Hill in Lend (Graz) around 1830 File:St. Radegund Kalvarienberg 20090925 208.jpg, Calvary hill and stations of the cross chapel
( St. Radegund bei Graz) File:Graz-Kalvarienberg 1651a.jpg, Shrine with numerous chapels
(

Graz Graz (; sl, Gradec) is the capital city of the Austrian state of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. As of 1 January 2021, it had a population of 331,562 (294,236 of whom had principal-residence status). In 2018, the popu ...

) File:Innsbruck-Arzl-Kalvarienberg4.jpg, Hill chapel with

( Arzl bei Innsbruck) File:Kalva06b.JPG, Park-like layout
(

Cvikov Cvikov (german: Zwickau in Böhmen) is a town in Česká Lípa District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 4,600 inhabitants. Administrative parts Cvikov is made up of town parts of Cvikov I and Cvikov II, and of villages o ...

) File:Kreuzweg bei Jiřetín pod Jedlovou.jpg, Freely visible landscape monument on the summit
( Calvary hill near Jiřetín pod Jedlovou) Krastowa Gora Palmsonntag 2009-04-05 07-46.jpg, Layout at a monastery
( Krastowa Gora)

Calvaries in the world

Austria

Burgenland

* Calvary Hill, Bergkirche in Eisenstadt * Calvary Hill, Frauenkirchen *

Calvary Hill, Lockenhaus Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem in Christianity, Jerusalem's walls where Jesus in Christianity, Jesus was said to have been crucifixion of Jesus, cruci ...

* in

Neusiedl am See Neusiedl am See (; cs, Nezider; hr, Niuzalj; hu, Nezsider; sk, Nezider) is a town in Burgenland, Austria, and administrative center of the district of Neusiedl am See. Neusiedl am See is located on the northern shore of the Neusiedler See ...

* in Pinkafeld

Carinthia

* in

Sankt Paul im Lavanttal Sankt Paul im Lavanttal ( or ''Šentpavel'') is a municipality of the Wolfsberg district in the Austrian state of Carinthia. Geography Sankt Paul lies in the Lavant River valley. A large part of the municipality lies in the Granitz River ...

* in Sankt Stefan im Gailtal

Lower Austria

* near the

Aggsbach Charterhouse Aggsbach Charterhouse is a former Carthusian monastery in Aggsbach Dorf in Schönbühel-Aggsbach in Lower Austria. The monastery was founded in 1380 by Heidenreich von Maissau. It was dissolved in 1782 in the reforms of Emperor Joseph II. The p ...

in Aggsbach, a village in the Wachau * in Falkenstein in the wine quarter * in

Kirchberg am Wechsel Kirchberg am Wechsel is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is notable for hosting the International Wittgenstein Symposium since 1976 and is the home of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society The ...

* in

Lilienfeld Lilienfeld () is a city in Lower Austria (Niederösterreich), Austria, south of St. Pölten, noted as the site of Lilienfeld Abbey. It is also the site of a regional hospital Landesklinikum Voralpen Lilienfeld. The city is located in the valle ...

, largest calvary hill in Austria * in Marbach an der Donau * in Maria-Lanzendorf near Vienna * in Pillersdorf in the wine quarter *

Calvary Hill, Retz Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

* in Eggenburg * in

Zwettl __NOTOC__ Zwettl (; Central Bavarian: ''Zwedl''; Czech: ''Světlá'') is a town and district capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is chiefly known as the location of Zwettl Abbey, first mentioned in October 1139. History The ...

Upper Austria

Calvary Hill, Aigen in the Mühlkreis Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early me ...

* in

Freistadt Freistadt (, literally "Freetown") is a small Austrian town in the state of Upper Austria in the region Mühlviertel. With a population of approximately 7,500 residents, it is a trade centre for local villages. Freistadt is the economic centre o ...

Calvary Hill, Gosau Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

* Calvary Hill, Kremsmünster * in

St. Martin im Innkreis St. Martin im Innkreis is a municipality in Ried District, in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography St. Martin lies in the Innviertel (''Innkreis'') region, situated on the west slope of the Troßkolm forest in the Antiesen valley. It i ...

* in

Schwertberg Schwertberg is a market town in the district of Perg in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Schwertberg lies in the Mühlviertel The Mühlviertel () is an Austrian region belonging to the state of Upper Austria: it is one of four " ...

Salzburg

Calvary Hill, Maria Bühel Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

* Calvary Hill, Maria Plain * in

Oberndorf bei Salzburg Oberndorf bei Salzburg (Central Bavarian: ''Owerndorf ba Såizburg'') is a small city in the Austrian state of Salzburg, about 17 km (11 mi) north of the City of Salzburg. It is situated on the river Salzach in the Flachgau district. To ...

Styria

Calvary Hill, (Bruck an der Mur) Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early me ...

* Calvary Hill, (Deutschfeistritz) * Kalvarienberg (Graz) *

Calvary Hill, Leoben Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

* in Sankt Margarethen bei Knittelfeld *

Calvary Hill (Sankt Radegund bei Graz) Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

Calvary Hill, (Feldbach) Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early me ...

Tyrol

* Calvary Hill Chapel, Arzl, in the Innsbruck quarter of Arzl * in

Kufstein Kufstein (; Central Bavarian: ''Kufstoa'') is a town in the Austrian state of Tyrol, the administrative seat of Kufstein District. With a population of about 19,600 it is the second largest Tyrolean town after the state capital Innsbruck. The gr ...

* Calvary Hill, Thaur

Vienna

* in

Hernals Hernals (; Viennese German: Hernois) is the 17th district of Vienna, Austria (german: 17. Bezirk, Hernals). Hernals is in northwest Vienna.Statistik Austria, 2007, webpagestatistik.at-23450. Wien.gv.at webpage (see below: References). It was ann ...

Belarus

* in

Miadziel Myadzyel ( be, Мядзел, ''Miadzieł'' ; russian: Мядель, ''Mjadelj''; pl, Miadzioł; lt, Medilas) is a city in the Minsk Region of Belarus. It is the centre of Myadzyel District. Myadzyel is located on the eastern shore of lake Miast ...

(a small town north of Minsk (Мядзел)) * in

Minsk Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative stat ...

(Мінск)

Belgium

* in Moresnet/

Plombières Plombières (; german: Bleyberg or ''Bleiberg'', nl, Blieberg; wa, So-on-Mont-d'-Plomb) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. On 1 January 2006, Plombières had a total population of 10,401. The total are ...

* in

Malmedy Malmedy (; german: Malmünd, ; wa, Måmdiy) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. On January 1, 2018, Malmedy had a total population of 12,654. The total area is 99.96 km2 which gives a populati ...

Bolivia

Cerro Calvario Cerro is Spanish for "hill" or "mountain". Toponyms ;Bolivia: * Cerro Rico, the "Rich Mountain" containing silver ore near Potosi, Bolivia ;Brazil: *Cerro Branco, a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul *Cerro Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, a municipa ...

Canada

* The Oka Calvary Trail near

Oka, Québec Oka is a small village on the northern bank of the Ottawa River (''Rivière des Outaouais'' in French), northwest of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Located in the Laurentians valley on Lake of Two Mountains, where the Ottawa has its confluence with ...

Croatia

* Calvary Hill near Aljmaš

Czech Republic

* in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou * in

Ethiopia

Lalibela Lalibela ( am, ላሊበላ) is a town in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Lasta district and North Wollo Zone, it is a tourist site for its famous rock-cut monolithic churches. The whole of Lalibela is a large and important sit ...

England

Mount St Bernard Abbey Mount St Bernard Abbey is a Roman Catholic, Trappist monastery near Coalville, Leicestershire, England, founded in 1835 in the parish of Whitwick and now in that of Charley. The abbey was the first permanent monastery to be founded in Englan ...

, Leicestershire.

Germany

: (in alphabetical order by place) * Calvary Hill, Ahrweiler (with Kalvarienberg Abbey), Ahrweiler, county of Ahrweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate * Calvary Hill, Aiterbach, Aiterbach, county of Freising, Bavaria * Calvary Hill Chapel, Altomünster *in

Bad Kissingen Bad Kissingen is a German spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and seat of the district Bad Kissingen. Situated to the south of the Rhön Mountains on the Franconian Saale river, it is one of the health resorts, which bec ...

*in

Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler () is a spa town in the German Bundesland of Rhineland-Palatinate that serves as the capital of the Ahrweiler district. The A61 motorway connects the town with cities like Cologne and Mainz. Formed by the merging of the t ...

(as a school) *in

Bad Laer Bad Laer is a municipality and health resort in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Teutoburg Forest, approx. 20 km south of Osnabrück Osnabrück (; wep, Ossenbrügge; archaic ''Osnaburg'') is a ...

*in

Bad Tölz Bad Tölz (; Bavarian: ''Däiz'') is a town in Bavaria, Germany and the administrative center of the Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district. History Archaeology has shown continuous occupation of the site of Bad Tölz since the retreat of the gla ...

, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Bavaria *in

Berchtesgaden Berchtesgaden () is a municipality in the district Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria, in southeastern Germany, near the border with Austria, south of Salzburg and southeast of Munich. It lies in the Berchtesgaden Alps, south of Berchtesgaden; th ...

Calvary Hill, Bergheim Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early me ...

, Bergheim, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia *in Bidingen, county of Ostallgäu *in Birkungen (Thuringia) *in

Burladingen Burladingen is a town in the Zollernalbkreis district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. History In 1849, Burladingen and the villages of and came under the dominion of the Kingdom of Prussia. They were assigned in 1850 to , one of the of Provi ...

*in

Cham (Upper Palatinate) Cham (; cs, Kouba) is the capital of the district of Cham in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria in Germany. Location Cham lies within the Cham-Furth lowland, which is bordered on the south by the Bavarian Forest and on the north by the Oberpfä ...

*in

Donauwörth Donauwörth () is a town and the capital of the Donau-Ries district in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is said to have been founded by two fishermen where the rivers Danube (Donau) and Wörnitz meet. The city is part of the scenic route called "Rom ...

Calvary Hill, Dorweiler Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

, Dorweiler, county of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia *in Ebnath in the Oberpfalz *in Falkenberg (Oberpfalz) *in

Fichtelberg (Oberfranken) Fichtelberg is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. It is a state-recognised climatic spa. Geography Fichtelberg lies on the southeastern slopes of the Ochsenkopf, the second highest summit of the Fichtelgebirge ...

*in

Fulda Fulda () (historically in English called Fuld) is a town in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district (''Kreis''). In 1990, the town hosted the 30th Hessentag state festival. Histor ...

*in

Füssen Füssen is a town in Bavaria, Germany, in the district of Ostallgäu, situated one kilometre from the Austrian border. The town is known for violin manufacturing and as the closest transportation hub for the Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau c ...

* Calvary Hill, Greding, county of Roth, Bavaria * Calvary Hill, Füssen, county of Ostallgäu, Bavaria *in

Görlitz Görlitz (; pl, Zgorzelec, hsb, Zhorjelc, cz, Zhořelec, East Lusatian dialect: ''Gerlz'', ''Gerltz'', ''Gerltsch'') is a town in the German state of Saxony. It is located on the Lusatian Neisse River, and is the largest town in Upper Lusa ...

in the Heiligen-Grab-Ensemble * Calvary Hill, Gundelsheim, Württemberg *in

Immenstadt Immenstadt im Allgäu () is a town in Oberallgäu, the southernmost district of Bavaria, Germany, in the German Alps. First mentioned in a 1275 administrative tract, it was granted town privileges in 1360, which makes it one of the oldest towns i ...

*near the Pilgrimage Church, Allerheiligen in Jettingen-Scheppach *in the

village of Kinzweiler *

Calvary Hill, Kirchenthumbach Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early medie ...

, Kirchenthumbach, county of Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Bavaria * (Klosterlechfeld see below) * in

Konnersreuth Konnersreuth is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the northeast foothills of the Steinwald mountains between the Fichtelgebirge mountains and the Upper Palatinate Forest, close to the Czech b ...

* Calvary Hill, Lauterhofen, county of Neumarkt in the Oberpfalz, Bavaria *in Lenggries *in

Lübeck Lübeck (; Low German also ), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (german: Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany. With around 217,000 inhabitants, Lübeck is the second-largest city on the German Baltic coast and in the stat ...

(''Jerusalemsberg'') *in

Marsberg Marsberg () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. History Although its origins are obscure, Marsberg was a prospering town by the 13th century (it was even minting coins). It was a free city until 1807, when ...

*at Kreuzberg Abbey in the Rhön * Calvary Hill, Neusath, county of Schwandorf, Bavaria *in

Ostritz Ostritz (, hsb, Wostrowc) is a town in the district Görlitz, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the border with Poland, on the left bank of the Lusatian Neisse, 16 km south of Görlitz. It was the scene of a small battle in the Se ...

, Sachsen *at

St. Marienthal Abbey St. Marienthal Abbey (german: Kloster St. Marienthal) is a Cistercian nunnery in Saxon Upper Lusatia. The abbey is the oldest nunnery of the Cistercian Order in Germany to have maintained unbroken occupation of its house since its foundation. St. ...

* Calvary Hill, Parsberg, county of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria *in

Peiting Peiting is a municipality in the Weilheim-Schongau district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Lech, 3 km southeast of Schongau, and 17 km west of Weilheim in Oberbayern. Transport The municipality has two r ...

Upper Bavaria Upper Bavaria (german: Oberbayern, ; ) is one of the seven administrative districts of Bavaria, Germany. Geography Upper Bavaria is located in the southern portion of Bavaria, and is centered on the city of Munich, both state capital and s ...

*in Pfreimd *in

Pillig Pillig is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Euro ...

Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; german: link=no, Rheinland-Pfalz ; lb, Rheinland-Pfalz ; pfl, Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the ...

*in Pobenhausen and also in Palling, both in

*in Possenhofen municipality of

Pöcking Pöcking is a municipality in the district of Starnberg in Bavaria in Germany. Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria, consort of Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria-Hungary, grew up here in the Possenhofen Castle as daughter of Duke Max in Bavaria and Pri ...

on Lake Starnberg *in the Devil's Cave near Pottenstein * Calvary Hill, Prüm, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate * Calvary Hill, Alendorf, in the municipality of Blankenheim *

Calvary Hill, Reicholzried Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early me ...

*in Sichtigvor on the Loermund *in

Stühlingen Stühlingen is a town in the Waldshut district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated on the border with Switzerland, with a border crossing to the village of Oberwiesen in Schleitheim municipality, 15 km northwest of Schaffhausen t ...

* Calvary Hill, Schwabegg, county of Augsburg, Bavaria *in Sonthofen *in

Straelen Straelen (; Low Rhenish: ''Strale'') is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 10 km north-east of Venlo. Twinning : Bayon The Bayon ( km, ...

on the Lower Rhine *bei Wettenhausen in the municipality of Kammeltal *in Wenigmünchen (near Munich) *in

Xanten Xanten (, Low Rhenish: ''Santen'') is a town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the district of Wesel. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park, one of the largest archaeological open air museums in the worl ...

am Niederrhein *in

Zell in the Wiesental Zell may refer to: Places Austria * Zell am See, in Salzburg state * Zell am Ziller, in Tyrol * Zell, Carinthia, in Carinthia * in Upper Austria: ** Bad Zell ** Zell am Moos ** Zell an der Pram ** Zell am Pettenfirst Germany * Zell im Fichtelg ...

chapel on the Möhrenberg *the Calvary Hill at the pilgrimage site of Klosterlechfeld in Bavaria there is not stations of the cross path, but a monument with outside staircase.

Greece

* on the hill of Filerimos on

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...

Hungary

* Calvary Hill in

Pécs Pécs ( , ; hr, Pečuh; german: Fünfkirchen, ; also known by other alternative names) is the fifth largest city in Hungary, on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the country's southwest, close to its border with Croatia. It is the administr ...

Italy

Sacro Monte di Varallo Giovanni d' Enrico, ''Ecce Homo ''(detail of the crowd calling for crucifixion), 1608-9. The Sacred Mountain of Varallo ( it, Sacro Monte di Varallo) is a ''Sacro Monte'' ("sacred mountain", a type of mountainside Christian devotional complex ...

Sacred Mount Calvary of Domodossola 250px, View of the chapels IX and XI. The Sacred Mount Calvary of Domodossola (also known as Sacro Monte Calvario) is a Roman Catholic sanctuary on the Mattarella Hill, overlooking Domodossola (Piedmont, northern Italy). It is one of the nine Sac ...

* San Vivaldo Monastery in Montaione *

Sacro Monte di Orta The Sacro Monte di Orta (literally: "Sacred Mountain of Orta") is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the comune of Orta San Giulio ( Piedmont, northern Italy) on the summit of a hill known as San Nicolao, which faces the western shore of ...

* Sacro Monte di Varese *

Sacro Monte di Crea The Sacro Monte di Crea (literally "Sacred Mountain of Crea", although it is built on a hill rather than a mountain) is a Roman Catholic sanctuary in the '' comune'' of Serralunga di Crea, Piedmont, northern Italy. It is reached via a steeply ...

Sacro Monte di Ghiffa The Sacred Mountain of Ghiffa is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the ''comune'' of Ghiffa, Piedmont, northern Italy, overlooking the Lake Maggiore. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritag ...

* Sacro Monte di Ossuccio * Sacro Monte di Oropa * Sacro Monte di Belmonte

Lithuania

Žemaičių Kalvarija Žemaičių Kalvarija ( Samogitian: ''Žemaitiu Kalvarėjė'', pl, Kalwaria Żmudzka, en, Samogitian Calvary) is a small town in Plungė district municipality, Lithuania. It is known as a major site for Catholic pilgrimage. Every July the town ...

Kalvarija, Lithuania Kalvarija () is a city in southwestern Lithuania, located in the Marijampolė County, close to the border with Poland. Etymology and names Variants of the name include Kalvarijos, Kalvariya, Kalwarja, Kalvarye ( Yiddish), Kalwaria ( Polish), ...

* Verkiai Calvary

Poland

* Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, near

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 159 ...

Góra Kalwaria Góra Kalwaria (; "Calvary Mountain", yi, גער, ''Ger'') is a town on the Vistula River in the Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is situated approximately southeast of Warsaw and has a population of around 12,109 (as of 2019). ...

, near

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is official ...

Wejherowo Wejherowo ( csb, Wejrowò; german: Neustadt in Westpreußen, formerly Weyhersfrey) is a city in Gdańsk Pomerania, northern Poland, with 48,735 inhabitants (2021). It has been the capital of Wejherowo County in Pomeranian Voivodeship since 19 ...

, near

Gdańsk Gdańsk ( , also ; ; csb, Gduńsk;Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6. , Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benen ...

* Kalwaria Pacławska, near

Przemyśl Przemyśl (; yi, פשעמישל, Pshemishl; uk, Перемишль, Peremyshl; german: Premissel) is a city in southeastern Poland with 58,721 inhabitants, as of December 2021. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was pr ...

Kalwaria Panewnicka Kalwaria may refer to any of the Polish towns named after Calvary (the site of Jesus's crucifixion): * Góra Kalwaria, sanctuary near Warsaw * Kalwaria Pacławska, sanctuary near Przemyśl * Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, sanctuary near Kraków *Kalwar ...

, in

Katowice Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most populo ...

Pakość Pakość (german: Pakosch) is a town in Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 5,798 inhabitants (2004). Town Privileges were given to Pakość on 9 February 1359. The town today counts 5,798 inhabitants (2004). I ...

, near

Inowrocław Inowrocław (; german: Hohensalza; before 1904: Inowrazlaw; archaic: Jungleslau) is a city in central Poland with a total population of 70,713 in December 2021. It is situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, previously in the B ...

Góra Świętej Anny Góra Świętej Anny (; german: Sankt Annaberg ; sli, Anaberg; szl, Świyntŏ Anna; all names meaning "Saint Anne's Mountain") is a village in the Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. The village is located on the hill from which its name ...

, near

Opole Opole (; german: Oppeln ; szl, Ôpole) ; * Silesian: ** Silesian PLS alphabet: ''Ôpole'' ** Steuer's Silesian alphabet: ''Uopole'' * Silesian German: ''Uppeln'' * Czech: ''Opolí'' * Latin: ''Oppelia'', ''Oppolia'', ''Opulia'' is a city lo ...

* Wambierzyce, near

Kłodzko Kłodzko (; cz, Kladsko; german: Glatz; la, Glacio) is a historic town in south-western Poland, in the region of Lower Silesia. It is situated in the centre of the Kłodzko Valley, on the Eastern Neisse river. Kłodzko is the seat of Kłodzk ...

Ujście Ujście (german: Usch) is a town in Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, northwestern Poland, with 8,134 inhabitants (2011). Although there was already a stronghold here in the 7th century, Ujście was founded in the 12th century. Fr ...

, near

Piła Piła (german: Schneidemühl) is a city in northwestern Poland and the capital of Piła County, situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. Its population as of 2021 was 71,846, making it the third-largest city in the voivodeship after Poznań a ...

* Krzeszów, near

Wałbrzych Wałbrzych (; german: Waldenburg; szl, Wałbrzich; sli, label= Lower Silesian, Walmbrig or ''Walmbrich''; cs, Valbřich or ) is a city located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland. From 1975–1998 it was the capital of W ...

* Pszów, near

Wodzisław Śląski Wodzisław Śląski (; german: Loslau, cs, Vladislav, la, Vladislavia, yi, וואידסלוב, Voydislav, szl, Władźisłůw) is a city in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 47,992 inhabitants (2019). It is the seat of Wodzisław Co ...

Bardo In some schools of Buddhism, ''bardo'' ( xct, བར་དོ་ Wylie: ''bar do'') or ''antarābhava'' (Sanskrit, Chinese and Japanese: 中有, romanized in Chinese as ''zhōng yǒu'' and in Japanese as ''chū'u'') is an intermediate, transitio ...

, near Kłodzko * Piekary Śląskie, near

Bytom Bytom (Polish pronunciation: ; Silesian: ''Bytōm, Bytōń'', german: Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital. ...

Głotowo Głotowo (german: Glottau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre Miasto, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Dobre Miasto Dobre Miasto (; german: ...

, near

Olsztyn Olsztyn ( , ; german: Allenstein ; Old Prussian: ''Alnāsteini'' * Latin: ''Allenstenium'', ''Holstin'') is a city on the Łyna River in northern Poland. It is the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, and is a city with county right ...

* Wiele, near

Chojnice Chojnice (; , or ''Chòjnice''; german: Konitz or ''Conitz'') is a town in northern Poland with 39,423 inhabitants as of December 2021, near the Tuchola Forest. It is the capital of the Chojnice County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. History Pi ...

* Kodeń, near

Biała Podlaska Biała Podlaska ( la, Alba Ducalis) is a city in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Biała Podlaska Voivodeship (1975–1998). ...

Romania

* in the village of Billed, county of TimișKalvarienberg
auf panoramio.com

Slovakia

Kalvária Banská Štiavnica Calvary Banská Štiavnica ( sk, Banskoštiavnická Kalvária) is a late-Baroque calvary, architectural and landscape unit in Slovakia, unique in extent and content, formed in the years 1744–1751. Characteristics Calvary Banská Štiavn ...

Prešov Prešov (, hu, Eperjes, Rusyn language, Rusyn and Ukrainian language, Ukrainian: Пряшів) is a city in Eastern Slovakia. It is the seat of administrative Prešov Region ( sk, Prešovský kraj) and Šariš, as well as the historic Sáros Cou ...

* Spišský Jeruzalem *

Bratislava Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approximately 140% o ...

- the oldest calvary in Hungarian kingdom * Marianka *

Skalica Skalica (german: Skalitz, hu, Szakolca, Latin: ''Sakolcium'') is the largest town in Skalica District in western Slovakia in the Záhorie region. Located near the Czech border, Skalica has a population of around 15,000. Etymology The name is d ...

Rožňava Rožňava ( hu, Rozsnyó, german: Rosenau, Latin: ''Rosnavia'') is a town in Slovakia, approximately by road from Košice in the Košice Region, and has a population of 19,182. The town is an economic and tourist centre of the Gemer. Rožňa ...

Nitra Nitra (; also known by other #Etymology, alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia, situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the valley of the river Nitra (river), Nitra. It is located 95 km east of Bratislava. With a population of about ...

* Doľany, Pezinok District

Slovenia

* in Šmarje pri Jelšah * Kalvarija (

Maribor Maribor ( , , , ; also known by other historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is also the seat of the City Municipality of Maribor, the seat of the Drava stati ...

)

Spain

* in Poll ença

References

Literature

German: * * * – ''Philologische Studien und Quellen'' 2, * * French: * – also in the Breton language * – ''Mémoires de l'histoire'' * – ''Les universels Gisserot'' 13,

External links

Documentation centre for Sacri Monti, calvary hills and European sites of commemorationElżbieta Bilska-Wodecka, ''European Calvaries: Analysis of Structures, Types and Origins''Sacri Monti: From Jerusalem to Sacred Mounts

Polish Calvaries: Architecture as a Stage for the Passion of Christ
{{Authority control Christianity in Jerusalem Christian buildings and structures Christian pilgrimages Stations of the Cross * Baroque architecture Medieval architecture Renaissance architecture

Terminology

Calvaries in the world

Austria

Burgenland

Carinthia

Lower Austria

Upper Austria

Salzburg

Styria

Tyrol

Vienna

Belarus

Belgium

Bolivia

Canada

Croatia

Czech Republic

Ethiopia

England

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Lithuania

Poland

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

See also

References

Literature

External links