Calumma

''Calumma'' is a genus of chameleons endemic and restricted to Madagascar. The species formerly named ''Calumma tigris'' was transferred to the genus '' Archaius'' by Townsend et al., when they found that it is more closely related to '' Rieppeleon'' than to ''Calumma''. The oldest fossil of the genus is known from the Early Miocene of Kenya, showing that the genus originated in Africa.

Species groups

Four species groups are recognised within the genus ''Calumma'' (originally proposed by Glaw & Vences in 1994), some of which may be only phenetic, while others are phylogenetically supported:

'' Calumma furcifer'' species group

Contents: ''Calumma furcifer, C. gastrotaenia, C. marojezense, C. guillaumeti, C. andringitraense, C. glawi, C. vencesi''

Species characterised by typically green body colouration, sleek body form, and generally no occipital lobes (flaps of skin posterior to the head; present only in ''C. glawi'') and no rostral appendage (present only in males of ''C. furcifer'').

'' Calumma cucullatum'' species group

Contents: ''Calumma cucullatum, C. crypticum, C. amber, C. tsaratananense, C. hafahafa, C. hilleniusi, C. peltierorum, C. malthe, C. brevicorne, C. jejy, C. tsycorne''

Species characterised by distinct occipital lobes and generally a single bony rostral appendage that is larger in males than females.

'' Calumma nasutum'' species group

Contents: ''Calumma nasutum, C. fallax, C. gallus, C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. juliae'', ''C. vatosoa, C. vohibola, C. peyrierasi, C. roaloko''

Species characterised by a soft dermal rostral appendage (generally present in males and absent in females). The following members possess occipital lobes: ''C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. roaloko,'' and ''C. juliae.'' These taxa are collectively referred to as the ''C. guibei'' species complex. Occipital lobes are absent from all other species. The assignment of ''C. peyrierasi'' to this group remains a subject of uncertainty.

'' Calumma parsonii'' species group

Contents: ''Calumma globifer, C. ambreense, C. oshaughnessyi, C. parsonii, C. capuroni''

Species characterised by large body size, males with paired rostral appendages, and some species with small occipital lobes.

Species

The following 41 species are recognized as being valid as of October 2020:

*'' Calumma amber'' & Nussbaum, 2006 – Amber Mountain chameleon
*''Calumma ambreense'' ( Ramanantsoa, 1974)
*'' Calumma andringitraense'' ( C. Blanc & Domergue, 1972)
*'' Calumma boettgeri'' (Boulenger, 1888) – Boettger's chameleon
*'' Calumma brevicorne'' ( Günther, 1879) – short-horned chameleon
*'' Calumma capuroni'' (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1972) – Madagascar chameleon
*'' Calumma crypticum'' Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – blue-legged chameleon
*'' Calumma cucullatum'' (Gray, 1831) – hooded chameleon
*''Calumma emelinae'' Prötzel, Scherz, Ratsoavina, Vences, & Glaw, 2020
*'' Calumma fallax'' ( Mocquard, 1900) – deceptive chameleon
*'' Calumma furcifer'' ( Vaillant & Grandidier, 1880) – forked chameleon
*'' Calumma gallus'' (Günther, 1877) – blade chameleon
*''Calumma gastrotaenia'' (Boulenger, 1888) – Perinet chameleon
*''Calumma gehringi'' Prötzel, Vences, Scherz, Vieites & Glaw, 2017
*''Calumma glawi'' 1997 – Glaw's chameleon
*''Calumma globifer'' (Günther, 1879) – globe-horned chameleon or flat-casqued chameleon
*''Calumma guibei'' ( Hillenius, 1959) – Guibe's chameleon
*''Calumma guillaumeti'' (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1974)
*''Calumma hafahafa'' Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – bizarre-nosed chameleon
*''Calumma hilleniusi'' (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1973)
*''Calumma jejy'' Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – Marojejy Peak chameleon
*''Calumma juliae'' Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018
*''Calumma lefona'' Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018
*''Calumma linotum'' ( L. Müller, 1924) – Amber Mountain blue-nosed chameleon
*''Calumma malthe'' (Günther, 1879) – yellow-green chameleon
*''Calumma marojezense'' (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1970)
*'' Calumma nasutum'' ( A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1836) – big-nosed chameleon
*''Calumma oshaughnessyi'' (Günther, 1881) – O'Shaughnessy's chameleon
*'' Calumma parsonii'' (Cuvier, 1824) – Parsons's chameleon
*''Calumma peltierorum'' Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – Peltier's chameleon
*''Calumma peyrierasi'' (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1974) – chameleon, Peyriéras's chameleon
*''Calumma radamanus'' (Mertens, 1933)
*''Calumma ratnasariae'' Prötzel, Scherz, Ratsoavina, Vences & Glaw, 2020
*''Calumma roaloko'' Prötzel, Lambert, Andrianasolo, Hutter, Cobb, Scherz & Glaw, 2018 – Two-toned soft-nosed chameleon
*'' Calumma tarzan'' Gehring, Pabijan, Ratsoavina, J. Köhler, Vences & Glaw, 2010 – Tarzan chameleon, Tarzan's chameleon
*''Calumma tjiasmantoi'' Prötzel, Scherz, Ratsoavina, Vences, & Glaw, 2020
*'' Calumma tsaratananense'' (Brygoo & Domergue, 1967) – Tsaratanana chameleon
*''Calumma tsycorne'' Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – blunt-nosed chameleon
*''Calumma uetzi'' Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018 – Uetz's soft-nosed chameleon
*''Calumma vatosoa'' Mattioli, Jesu & Randrianirina, 2001
*''Calumma vencesi'' Andreone, Mattioli, Jesu & Randrianirina, 2001 – Vences's chameleon
*''Calumma vohibola'' Gehring, Ratsoavina, Vences & Glaw, 2011

''Nota bene'': A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Calumma''.

References

Further reading

* Gray JE (1865). "Revision of the Genera and Species of Chamæleonidæ, with the Descriptions of some New Species". ''Proc. Zool. Soc. London'' 1864: 465–479. (''Calumma'', new genus, p. 476).

External links

*Anderson CV (2006).
Captive Chameleon Populations.
' Accessed 23-01-2009

{{Taxonbar, from=Q135860

Lizard genera
Taxa named by John Edward Gray