''Calocybe indica'', commonly known as the milky white mushroom, is a

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

edible mushroom Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye). They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground ...

native to India. The sturdy all-white mushrooms appear in summer after rainfall in fields and on road verges. Traditionally eaten in West Bengal, it is being grown commercially in several Indian states and other tropical countries.

Taxonomy

''Calocybe indica'' was formally described in 1974, from material collected in Calcutta. The authors—botanists R.P. Purkayastha and Aindrila Chandra—had noted it to be a popular mushroom in markets in West Bengal. They placed it in the section ''Calocybe'' of the genus ''Calocybe'', noting that it appeared closely related to and was similar morphologically to ''

Calocybe gambosa ''Calocybe gambosa'', commonly known as St. George's mushroom, is an edible mushroom that grows mainly in fields, grass verges and roadsides. Deriving its common name from when it first appears in the UK, namely on St George's Day (23 April). I ...

'', from which it differed by having slightly larger oval spores, and a stouter mushroom. Botanist A. S. Krishnamoorthy found it growing in Tamil Nadu in the mid 1990s, and its commercial production was overhauled and improved.

Description

The robust mushroom is all-white in colour and has a firm consistency. Its cap is across, convex initially before flattening out with age. The cuticle (skin) can be easily peeled off the cap. The crowded gills are white but gradually develop into brown with age, and the cylindrical stem is high with no ring nor volva. It has a subbulbous base, being wide at the apex (top), in the middle and wide at the base. The mushroom does not change colour on cutting or bruising, though old dried specimens have a buff colour. The flesh has a mild flavour that has been described as oily, and a faint smell reminiscent of radishes it tastes like an unripened coconut that which we can eat it without any cooking. The spore print is white, and the oval spores measure 5.9–6.8 μm long by 4.2–5.1 μm wide.

Distribution, habitat and ecology

''Calocybe indica'' grows in grasslands, fields and road verges in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan, generally on substrate rich in organic material. The mushrooms appear between May and August after spells of rainfall. The fungus is saprophytic, though it has been reported to form

ectomycorrhizal An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobi ...

relationships with the roots of the coconut tree ('' Cocos nucifera''), palmyra palm ('' Borassus flabellifer''), tamarind ('' Tamarindus indicus'') and yellow poinciana (''

Peltophorum pterocarpum ''Peltophorum pterocarpum'' (commonly known as copperpod, yellow-flamboyant, yellow flametree, yellow poinciana or yellow-flame) is a species of ''Peltophorum'', native to tropical southeastern Asia and a popular ornamental tree grown around the ...

'').

Cultivation

''Calocybe indica'' is cultivated commercially in southern India and becoming more popular in China, Malaysia, and Singapore; it can be grown in hot humid (60% to 70%) countries with a temperature range of 25 to 35 °C year-round, It undergoes the two phases dark phase and the light phase where in dark phase the mycelium development will takes place and in the light phase the pin heads start growing. The entire process will take 65 days to get the complete milkywhite mushroom.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q44140422 Fungi described in 1974 Fungi of India Lyophyllaceae Edible fungi