The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of
New World monkeys, including
marmosets,
tamarins, and
lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family
Cebidae.
This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.
[Naish, Darren]
Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics
Scientific American
''Scientific American'', informally abbreviated ''SciAm'' or sometimes ''SA'', is an American popular science magazine. Many scientists, including Albert Einstein and Nikola Tesla, have contributed articles to it, with more than 150 Nobel Pri ...
November 27, 2012
Ancestral
stem-callitrichids likely were "normal-sized"
ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the
Amazon Basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributary, tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries ...
.
All callitrichids are
arboreal
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally (scansorial), but others are exclusively arboreal. The hab ...
. They are the smallest of the
simian
The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkey, Platyrrhini (New World mon ...
primate
Primates is an order (biology), order of mammals, which is further divided into the Strepsirrhini, strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and Lorisidae, lorisids; and the Haplorhini, haplorhines, which include Tarsiiformes, tarsiers a ...
s. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree
exudates, with some species (e.g. ''
Callithrix jacchus'' and ''
Cebuella pygmaea'') considered
obligate
{{wiktionary, obligate
As an adjective, obligate means "by necessity" (antonym '' facultative'') and is used mainly in biology in phrases such as:
* Obligate aerobe, an organism that cannot survive without oxygen
* Obligate anaerobe, an organism ...
exudativores.
Callitrichids typically live in small,
territorial
A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, belonging or connected to a particular country, person, or animal.
In international politics, a territory is usually a geographic area which has not been granted the powers of self-government, ...
groups of about five or six animals. Their
social organization
In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, struc ...
is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring.
They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the
cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus''), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females.
[Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin ('' Saguinus o. oedipus''). Animal Behaviour (1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444] The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.
Species and subspecies list
Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are:
*Family Callitrichidae
** Genus ''
Saguinus''
*** Subgenus ''
Saguinus''
****
Red-handed tamarin, ''Saguinus midas''
****
Western black tamarin, ''Saguinus niger''
****
Eastern black-handed tamarin, ''Saguinus ursulus''
****
Pied tamarin, ''Saguinus bicolor''
****
Martins's tamarin, ''Saguinus martinsi''
***** ''Saguinus martinsi martinsi''
***** ''Saguinus martinsi ochraceus''
****
White-footed tamarin, ''Saguinus leucopus''
****
Cottontop tamarin, ''Saguinus oedipus''
****
Geoffroy's tamarin, ''Saguinus geoffroyi''
*** Subgenus ''
Tamarinus''
****
Moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax''
*****
Spix's moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax mystax''
***** Red-capped moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pileatus''
***** White-rump moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pluto''
****
White-lipped tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus''
***** Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus labiatus''
***** Gray's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus rufiventer''
***** Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus thomasi''
****
Emperor tamarin
The emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator'') is a species of tamarin monkey allegedly named for its beard's resemblance to the German Empire, German List_of_German_monarchs#German_Empire,_1871–1918, emperor Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm I ...
, ''Saguinus imperator''
*****
Black-chinned emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator imperator''
*****
Bearded emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens''
****
Mottle-faced tamarin, ''Saguinus inustus''
** Genus ''
Leontocebus''
***
Black-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis''
**** Spix's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis''
****
Graells's tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi''
**** Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi''
***
Brown-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis''
****
Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi''
****
Spix's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis''
****
Mura's saddleback tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis mura''
****
Lako's saddleback tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus''
***
Andean saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus leucogenys''
***
Lesson's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscus''
***
Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus cruzlimai''
***
Weddell's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli''
****
Weddell's tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli weddelli''
**** Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli crandalli''
****
White-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus''
***
Golden-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus tripartitus''
***
Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus illigeri''
***
Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus lagonotus''
***
Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigrifrons''
** Genus ''
Leontopithecus''
***
Golden lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus rosalia''
***
Golden-headed lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''
***
Black lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''
***
Superagui lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus caissara''
** Genus ''
Patasola''
*** ''
Patasola magdalenae''
** Genus ''
Micodon''
*** ''
Micodon kiotensis''
** Genus ''
Callimico''
***
Goeldi's marmoset, ''Callimico goeldii''
** Genus ''
Mico
Mico may refer to:
People
* Mićo Janić (born 1979), Croatian sprint canoer
* Mićo Ljubibratić (1839–1889), Serbian revolutionary
* Mico Palanca (1978–2019), Filipino actor
* Mićo Smiljanić (born 1974), Serbian/Montenegrin footballer
* Mi ...
''
***
Silvery marmoset, ''Mico argentatus''
***
Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, ''Mico humilis''
***
White marmoset, ''Mico leucippe''
***
Black-tailed marmoset, ''Mico melanurus''
***
Schneider's marmoset, ''Mico schneideri''
***
Hershkovitz's marmoset, ''Mico intermedius''
***
Emilia's marmoset, ''Mico emiliae''
***
Black-headed marmoset, ''Mico nigriceps''
***
Marca's marmoset, ''Mico marcai''
***
Santarem marmoset, ''Mico humeralifer''
***
Gold-and-white marmoset, ''Mico chrysoleucos''
***
Maués marmoset, ''Mico mauesi''
***
Sateré marmoset, ''Mico saterei''
***
Rio Acarí marmoset, ''Mico acariensis''
***
Rondon's marmoset, ''Mico rondoni''
***
Munduruku marmoset, ''Mico munduruku''
** Genus ''
Cebuella''
***
Western pygmy marmoset, ''Cebuella pygmaea''
***
Eastern pygmy marmoset, ''Cebuella niveiventris''
** Genus ''
Callithrix''
***
Common marmoset, ''Callithrix jacchus''
***
Black-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix penicillata''
***
Wied's marmoset, ''Callithrix kuhlii''
***
White-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix geoffroyi''
***
Buffy-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix aurita''
***
Buffy-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix flaviceps''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q574338
Primate families
Primates of South America
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxa described in 1903