Cagoulards

(, "The Cowl"; founded in 1936) was a French fascist-leaning and anti-communist militant group. It opposed the left-wing Popular Front (in office, June 1936 to 1938) and used violence to promote its activities in the final years of the Third Republic and into the Vichy Regime. ''La Cagoule'' was founded by Eugène Deloncle and bankrolled, among others, by Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal.

''La Cagoule'' committed assassinations, and undertook bombings, sabotage of armaments, and other violent activities, some intended to cast suspicion on communists through false flag operations and to add to political instability. Planning a November 1937 overthrow of the French government, was infiltrated by the police, and the national government arrested and imprisoned about 70 men. At the outbreak of World War II (September 1939), the government released the men to fight in the French Army. Some supported other right-wing organizations and participated in the Vichy government of 1940–1944; others joined the Free French of Charles de Gaulle. It was not until 1948 that the government tried surviving members for the charges of 1937.

Names

Originally the Secret Organisation for Revolutionary National Action (Osarn or OSAR, ), the group's name was later officially changed to the Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action (CSAR, ).

Third Republic

The group was founded in 1936 or 1937 by Eugène Deloncle and enjoyed privileged relations within industrial circles (National Federation of Ratepayers, Lesieur, L'Oréal etc).

An important member was Joseph Darnand, who later founded the (SOL), the forerunner of the Milice, the collaborationist paramilitary of the Vichy regime. His nephew Henri Charbonneau was also a member.

Another member was Jean Filiol, who was appointed as the head of the Milice in Limoges. He fled to Spain at the end of World War II and he worked in the Spanish subsidiary of L'Oréal. Gabriel Jeantet was a lover of a sister of François Mitterrand, who later recommended him for the Order of the Francisque. Dr. Henri Martin was a physician suspected of having forged the Pacte synarchique and worked for the (OAS) after World War II.

Mohamed el-Maadi, the head of ''La Cagoule'' for French Algeria, started the antisemitic newspaper and organised the North-African Brigade, known as ''SS-Mohammed'', in 1944.

The group drew most of its members from Orléanists disappointed by the lack of action by the founded by Charles Maurras. It opposed the Popular Front government, created from an alliance of left-wing groups. Historians believe that many low-level members were recruited in the belief that it was an auto-defense organization, which was intended to fight against a communist takeover.

In Nice, new members were initiated in a formal ritual. In the presence of the Grand Master, dressed in red and accompanied by his ''assesseurs'' dressed in black, with their faces covered, new members stood before a table draped with a French flag. A sword and torches were placed on it. Each man raised his right arm and swore the oath, ("For the greater glory of France"). This oath echoed the Jesuit motto, ''Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam'' (For the greater glory of God). Disloyalty was punished by death. For instance, the arms suppliers Léon Jean-Baptiste and Maurice Juif were murdered by in October 1936 and February 1937, respectively, for attempting to enrich themselves by lying about the price that they had paid for the arms.

The paramilitary organisation was active in the provinces. In Paris, it organised militias and demonstrations and amassed arms. It attempted to assassinate French Prime Minister Léon Blum, trained men in terrorism, built underground prisons and "ran guns in Belgium, Switzerland and Italy".

directed its members in various actions aimed at creating suspicions of communists to destabilise and to destroy the French Republic. Some argue that in the Bois de Boulogne on 26 January 1937, Jean Filiol stabbed to death Dimitri Navachine, who was a Soviet national and for several years the respected director of the Paris branch of the Soviet State Bank. Others believed that he had been killed by Joseph Stalin's secret service, the NKVD, as the Great Purge was underway in the Soviet Union. To ease its obtaining arms from Fascist Italy, on 9 June 1937, the group assassinated two Italian antifascists, the Rosselli brothers, who were refugees in France. It sabotaged airplanes clandestinely supplied by the French government to the Spanish Republic. On 11 September 1937, the blew up two buildings owned by the (Ironmasters Association) to create the impression of a communist conspiracy. Although it was widely believed at the time that communists had set the bombs, the government took no official action against the French Communist Party, to the disappointment of the group's members. The tried to infiltrate the International Brigades for the same purpose.

Organised along military lines, the infiltrated parts of the French military via Georges Loustaunau-Lacau's ''Corvignolles'' as a means to acquire weapons. It prepared to overthrow the Popular Front government in November 1937 to install a fascist government. The group initially intended to make Philippe Pétain chief of state, but he refused its overtures. The chose Marshal Louis Franchet d'Esperey as their future chief of state.

It was infiltrated by the French police. On 15 November 1937, Marx Dormoy, Minister of the Interior and the highest officer of law enforcement, denounced its plot and ordered wide arrests of members. The French police seized 2 tons of high explosives, several anti-tank or anti-aircraft guns, 500 machine guns, 65 submachine guns, 134 rifles and 17 sawn-off shotguns. Some of the arms were of German or Italian origin, and about 70 men were arrested. Deloncle had boasted that he had 12,000 men under his order in Paris, and 120,000 in the provinces, but it is likely there were no more than 200 men who knew much about the organization and its structure, and another several hundred who were more loosely affiliated with the group.

Reactions to the plot and the revelations by the French government about the varied among the international media. In the United States, the editors of the ''New York Times'' were initially suspicious of the accounts.

The journalists of ''Time magazine'' likened to the American Ku Klux Klan, a right-wing group that had a widespread revival from 1915 and reached its peak of influence in 1925, with members elected to political office in midwestern cities and states as well as the South.

Organization

* : Eugène Deloncle and Jacques Corrèze
* (intelligence): Dr. Henri Martin, Alfred Corre (Dagore)
* (operations): Georges Cachier
* (recruits and equipment): Jean Moreau de La Meuse
* Sources of funding: Eugène Schueller (L'Oreal), Louis Renault, Lemaigre Dubreuil (owner of table oil Lesieur and department stores ''Le Printemps''), Gabriel Jeantet (Lafarge cements), Pierre Pucheu (Comptoir Sidérurgique)

The was organised into cells. Light cells had eight men, armed with submachine guns (typically one per light cell), rifles, semi-automatic pistols and hand grenades. Heavy cells had twelve men, armed with a heavy machine gun and the individual weapons. A group of three cells formed one unit, three units a battalion, three battalions a regiment, two regiments a brigade and two brigades a division. Battalions could be divided into automobile squads of about fifty men. Written communications were avoided as much as possible.

The "street fighting" handbook was titled ''Secret Rules of the Communist Party'' to avoid revealing the in case the booklet was found by the police.

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, the French government released imprisoned to fight in the French Army. Some entered the , such as Jacques de Bernonville.

During the Occupation of France in 1940, the Vichy government arrested Marx Dormoy, as he had refused to vote for full powers for Pétain, and it eventually interned him under house arrest at Montélimar. He was assassinated on 26 July 1941 by a clockwork bomb set off at the house. It was believed to have been done by terrorists in reprisal for Dormoy's arrests in 1937 and his attempt to suppress the organization.

The members of the were divided. Some of them joined various Fascist movements; Schueller and Deloncle founded the , which conducted various activities for Nazi Germany in occupied France. It bombed seven synagogues in Paris in October 1941. Others became prominent members of Philippe Pétain's Vichy Regime. Darnand was the leader of the ''Milice'', the Vichy paramilitary group that fought the French Resistance, and enforced antisemitic policies. He took an oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler after he had accepted a Waffen SS rank.

Other sided against the Germans, either as members of the Resistance (such as Marie-Madeleine Fourcade, Pierre Guillain de Bénouville or Georges Loustaunau-Lacau in the Maquis), or as members of Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces, such as General Henri Giraud or Colonel Passy. After the war, the politician and writer Henri de Kérillis accused de Gaulle of having been a member of ''La Cagoule'' and said that de Gaulle had been ready to install a fascist government if the Allies let him become France's chief of state.de Kérillis, Henri (1946
''I Accuse De Gaulle''
Harcourt, Brace & Co.

Postwar

The ''cagoulards'' arrested for the 1937 conspiracy were not brought to trial for those charges until 1948, after the liberation of France. By then, many had served in the Vichy government or the Resistance, and few of them were brought to trial.

See also

* ''Organisation Armée Secret'' (OAS)
* '' Propaganda Due'' – masonic secret organization infiltrated in the Italian government
* '' La Main Rouge'' – Terrorist organization operated by a French intelligence agency
* Laetitia Toureaux – A woman suspected to have been murdered by the ''La Cagoule''
* Anti-communist mass killings
* Organized crime
* Strategy of tension
* Secret society

Notes

References

External links

Bio of Marx Dormoy and details on the Cagoule

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cagoule, La
Antisemitism in France
Attempted coups d'état in France
1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
Fascism in France
Fascist militant groups
Terrorism in France
Secret societies in France
Paramilitary organizations based in France