Caddoidea superfamily of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids, Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs (see below). , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered w ...

arachnids with a single family Caddidae, which now only contains 2 extant species. The family previously contained many more taxa under a previous wider concept, but the familial definition was narrowed after restudy. They are part of the suborder

Eupnoi The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species. They consist of two superfamilies, the Phalangioidea with many long-legged species common to northern temperate regions, and the small group ...

. They have mostly a body length between one and three millimeters.

Distribution

Caddids are widely but discontinuously distributed. In the subfamily Caddinae, ''Caddo'' is found in eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

and

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

with the

Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands are a volcanic archipelago administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast in the Russian Far East. The islands stretch approximately northeast from Hokkaido in Japan to Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, separating the ...

. Other similar lineages have previously been grouped together ias a wider concept of Caddidae (After Shear, 1974). Notable some previously in a second subfamily Acropsopilioninae have since been restored to their own family Acropsopilionidae. These are now placed within the suborder

Dyspnoi Dyspnoi is a suborder of harvestmen, currently comprising 43 extant genera and 356 extant species, although more species are expected to be described in the future. The eight families are currently grouped into three superfamilies: the Acropsopil ...

, as originally established by Roewer, 1923. The lineage includes ''Acropsopilio'' from scattered localities in the

Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...

, Australia and New Zealand. Also they include ''Austropsopilio'' from Chile, eastern Australia & Tasmania and with those from the latter locality being treated by some as '' Tasmanopilio''. Also it now includes ''Caddella'', which is endemic to southern South Africa.
Another genus ''Hesperopilio'', with species from Australia and Chile, has also historically been included in a wider concept of Caddidae, remains in the Suborder

, but has since been transferred to

Phalangioidea Phalangioidea is a superfamily of the harvestman suborder Eupnoi with five recognized families and more than 1,500 species. It is not to be confused with the similar spelled subfamily Phalangodoidea, which is also a harvestman superfamily, but ...

, although not clearly placed in any established family. Under the previous wider concept of Caddidae, the complex pattern of biogeography suggested that separation occurred in several steps: during the

Neogene The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...

(eastern North America and Japan); at the beginning or before the

Tertiary Tertiary (from Latin, meaning 'third' or 'of the third degree/order..') may refer to: * Tertiary period, an obsolete geologic period spanning from 66 to 2.6 million years ago * Tertiary (chemistry), a term describing bonding patterns in organic ch ...

(South America and Australia), and during the time of

Gondwana Gondwana ( ; ) was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia (continent), Australia, Zea ...

(Africa and Australia). However, the diversification of lineages requires future re-interpretation for the updated taxonomic framework.

Name

The family name is derived from "

Caddo The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma. They speak the Caddo language. The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who ...

", a

n indigenous culture, people and language.

Species

* Caddinae Banks, 1892 ** ''

'' Banks, 1892 (eastern North America, Japan) :** ''

Caddo agilis ''Caddo agilis'' is a species of harvestman in the family Caddidae Caddoidea superfamily of harvestmen arachnids with a single family Caddidae, which now only contains 2 extant species. The family previously contained many more taxa under a p ...

'' Banks, 1892USA, Canada, Japan, Russia (Kuril Islands) :** ''

Caddo pepperella ''Caddo pepperella'' is a species of harvestman in the family Caddidae. It is found in North America. References Further reading * Harvestmen Animals described in 1975 Articles created by Qbugbot {{opiliones-stub ...

'' Shear, 1974USA, Japan, South Korea (?) :** † '' Caddo dentipalpis'' (Koch & Berendt) (fossil: Baltic Amber)

Footnotes

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from1=Q21061016, from2=Q2932632 Harvestman families Taxa named by Nathan Banks Monogeneric arachnid families