Cactoideae
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The Cactoideae are the largest subfamily of the cactus family,
Cactaceae A cactus (: cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae (), a family of the order Caryophyllales comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, ...
, and are widely distributed throughout the Americas. Cactaceae is the 5th most endangered plant or animal family evaluated globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Around 80% of cactus species belong to this subfamily. The genera of the Cactoideae are characterized by microscopic foliage leaves. All photosynthesis occurs in shoot cortex cells covered by a persistent epidermis and stomata. Another important characteristic of this subfamily is ribbed stems, which enable the inner cortex to expand radially without breaking the shoot surface to absorb large quantities of water.Mauseth, J. D. (2006). Structure–function relationships in highly modified shoots of Cactaceae. ''Annals of Botany, 98''(5), 901-926. , the internal classification of the
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010. Various revisions have been published since, e.g. to the tribes
Hylocereeae The Hylocereeae are a tribe of cacti. Most are found in the tropical forests of Central and northern South America, and are climbers or epiphytes, unlike most cacti. The tribe includes between six and eight genera in different circumscriptio ...
and Echinocereeae, and the tribe Cereeae. Classifications remained uncertain .


Tribes and genera

* Blossfeldieae ** '' Blossfeldia'' * Fraileeae **'' Frailea'' * Cereeae ** Aylosterinae *** '' Aylostera'' ** Cereinae *** '' Arrojadoa'' – '' Brasilicereus'' – '' Cereus'' – ''
Cipocereus ''Cipocereus'' is a genus of cactus, cacti from Brazil. These species were previously included in the genera ''Pilosocereus'' and ''Cereus (plant), Cereus''. Description The plants of the genus ''Cipocereus'' are bushy, sometimes branched and co ...
'' – '' Coleocephalocereus'' – '' Discocactus'' – '' Espostoopsis'' – '' Facheiroa''  – ''
Melocactus ''Melocactus'' (melon cactus), also known as the Turk's head cactus, Turk's cap cactus, or Pope's head cactus, is a genus of cactus with about 30–40 species. They are native to the Caribbean, western Mexico through Central America to northern S ...
'' – ''
Micranthocereus ''Micranthocereus'' is genus of cactus. It originates from Brazil and includes about 10species. The two genera ''Austrocephalocereus'' and ''Siccobaccatus'' have been brought into synonym (taxonomy), synonymy with this genus. Species , Plants o ...
'' – '' Pilosocereus'' – '' Praecereus'' – '' Stetsonia'' – '' Xiquexique'' ** Gymnocalyciinae *** '' Gymnocalycium '' ** Rebutiinae *** '' Browningia'' –'' Castellanosia –'' Rebutia'' – ''
Weingartia '' Weingartia'' is a genus in the family Cactus, Cactaceae, with species native to Bolivia and Argentina. It was formerly included in ''Rebutia'', but Molecular phylogenetics, molecular phylogenetic evidence suggested that it was distinct from th ...
'' ** Trichocereinae ***'' Acanthocalycium'' – '' Arthrocereus'' – '' Borzicactus'' – '' Chamaecereus''  – '' Cleistocactus'' – '' Denmoza'' – '' Echinopsis'' – '' Espostoa'' – '' Haageocereus'' – '' Harrisia'' – '' Lasiocereus'' – '' Leucostele'' – '' Lobivia'' – '' Loxanthocereus'' – '' Matucana'' – '' Mila'' – '' Oreocereus'' – '' Oroya'' – '' Rauhocereus'' – '' Reicheocactus'' – '' Samaipaticereus'' – '' Setiechinopsis'' – '' Soehrensia'' – '' Trichocereus'' – '' Vatricania'' – '' Weberbauerocereus'' ** Uebelmanniinae *** '' Uebelmannia'' *
Cacteae Cacteae is a tribe of plants of the family Cactaceae found mainly in North America especially Mexico. , the internal classification of the family Cactaceae A cactus (: cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant f ...
** '' Acharagma'' – '' Ariocarpus'' – '' Astrophytum'' – '' Aztekium'' – '' Chichimecactus'' – '' Cochemiea'' – '' Coryphantha'' – '' Echinocactus'' – '' Epithelantha'' – '' Ferocactus'' – ''
Geohintonia ''Geohintonia mexicana'' (discovered in 1992) is a species of cactus, cacti, the only species in the genus ''Geohintonia''. This genus is named after its discoverer George S. Hinton. As its specific name (botany), specific epithet suggests, the pl ...
'' – '' Kadenicarpus'' – '' Kroenleinia'' – '' Leuchtenbergia'' – '' Lophophora'' – '' Mammillaria'' – '' Obregonia'' – '' Pediocactus'' – '' Pelecyphora'' – '' Rapicactus'' – '' Sclerocactus'' – '' Stenocactus'' – '' Strombocactus'' – '' Thelocactus'' – '' Turbinicarpus'' * Echinocereeae ** '' Armatocereus'' – (''Acanthocereus'' is placed in Hylocereeae) –'' Austrocactus'' – '' Bergerocactus'' – '' Brachycereus'' – '' Carnegiea'' – '' Cephalocereus'' – '' Corryocactus'' – '' Echinocereus'' – '' Escontria'' – '' Isolatocereus'' – '' Jasminocereus'' – '' Leptocereus'' – '' Lophocereus'' – '' Marshallocereus'' – '' Mitrocereus'' – '' Myrtillocactus'' – '' Neoraimondia'' –'' Pachycereus'' – '' Peniocereus'' – '' Pfeiffera'' – '' Pilosocereus'' – '' Polaskia'' – ''
Stenocereus ''Stenocereus'' () is a genus of columnar or tree-like cactus, cacti from the Baja California Peninsula and other parts of Mexico, Arizona in the United States, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Venezuela and the West Indies. The genus has been en ...
'' – '' Strophocactus'' *
Hylocereeae The Hylocereeae are a tribe of cacti. Most are found in the tropical forests of Central and northern South America, and are climbers or epiphytes, unlike most cacti. The tribe includes between six and eight genera in different circumscriptio ...
** '' Acanthocereus'' – '' Deamia'' – '' Disocactus'' – '' Epiphyllum'' – ''
Kimnachia ''Kimnachia'' is a monotypic genus of cacti. Its only species is ''Kimnachia ramulosa'', synonym ''Pseudorhipsalis ramulosa'', which is native from southern Mexico to northern South America and also found in Jamaica. Description ''Kimnachia ra ...
'' – ''
Pseudorhipsalis ''Pseudorhipsalis'' is genus of cactus, cacti. This genus is often included in ''Disocactus''. It is epiphytic, many branched, and elongated with flattened, serrated cladodes. In its early life, it stands erect, but soon becomes prostrate. It pro ...
'' – '' Selenicereus'' (including ''Hylocereus'') – ''
Weberocereus ''Weberocereus'' is genus of cacti. It produces a green and white flower and is found mainly in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Description The species of the genus ''Weberocereus'' grows climbing or hanging, epiphytic or lithophytic. Their shoots, w ...
'' * Lymanbensonieae ** '' Calymmanthium'' – '' Lymanbensonia'' * Notocacteae ** '' Copiapoa'' – '' Eriosyce'' – '' Neowerdermannia'' – '' Parodia'' – Rimacactus– '' Yavia'' * Rhipsalideae ** '' Hatiora'' – '' Lepismium'' – '' Rhipsalis'' – '' Rhipsalidopsis'' – ''
Schlumbergera ''Schlumbergera'' is a small genus of cactus, cacti with six to nine species found in the coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil. These plants grow on trees or rocks in habitats that are generally shady with high humidity, and can be quite d ...
'' *''
incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
'' ** Cremnocereus


References

Caryophyllales subfamilies {{Cactaceae-stub