CER ( sh-Latn, Cifarski Elektronski Računar, lit=Digital Electronic Computer) was a series of early computers (based on

vacuum tube A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve (British usage), or tube (North America), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric voltage, potential difference has been applied. The type kn ...

s and

transistor upright=1.4, gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink). A transistor is a semiconductor device used to Electronic amplifier, amplify or electronic switch, switch ...

s) developed by

Mihajlo Pupin Institute Mihajlo Pupin Institute ( sr, Институт Михајло Пупин, Institut Mihajlo Pupin) is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin and is part of the University of Belgrade. It is notable for m ...

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label= Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavij ...

in the 1960s and 1970s. Models: * CER-10 - 1960, based on

s, electronic

relay A relay Electromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contacts An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off A relay is an electrically operated swit ...

s, and

magnetic core memory Magnetic-core memory was the predominant form of random-access computer memory for 20 years between about 1955 and 1975. Such memory is often just called core memory, or, informally, core. Core memory uses toroids (rings) of a hard magnetic ...

. First Yugoslav digital computer (developed in "Vinca"-Institute) in (

SFRY The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yug ...

). *

CER-2 CER model 22 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. CER-2 was a prototype computer model (in 1963) only, for the early digital computers CER-20 or CER-22. See also * CER Computers CER ( ...

- 1963, a prototype model *

CER-20 CER ( Serbian: Цифарски Електронски Рачунар / Cifarski Elektronski Računar - ''Digital Electronic Computer'') model 20 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia). It was designed as a fu ...

- 1964, CER-30 - 1966, - the prototypes of the "electronic bookkeeping machine" for

EI Niš EI or Ei may refer to: Arts and media * "E.I." (song), a single by Nelly * E/I, a type of children's television programming shown in the United States * ''Ei'' (album), an album by Maija Vilkkumaa ** "Ei" (song), its first single * ''Eerie, Ind ...

and RIZ Zagreb;. *

CER-200 CER ( – ''Digital Electronic Computer'') model 200 is an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1966. See also * CER Computers * Mihajlo Pupin Institute Mihajlo Pupin Institute ( sr, Институт Мих ...

- 1966, series of 18 "electronic bookkeeping computers". *

CER-202 CER ( – ''Digital Electronic Computer'') model 202 is an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute ( Serbia) in the 1960s. See also * CER Computers * Mihajlo Pupin Institute Mihajlo Pupin Institute ( sr, Институт М ...

-1968;

CER-203 CER ( sr, Цифарски Електронски Рачунар – ''Digital Electronic Computer'') model 203 is an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute ( Serbia) in 1971. It was designed to process data of medium-sized ...

- 1972 * CER-22 - 1967, based on transistors, MSI circuits, magnetic core memory,

punched card A punched card (also punch card or punched-card) is a piece of stiff paper that holds digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. Punched cards were once common in data processing applications or to di ...

s and

magnetic disk Magnetic storage or magnetic recording is the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetisation in a magnetizable material to store data and is a form of non-volatile memory. The information is ac ...

s. Serie of 3 electronic systems, used for

on-line banking Online banking, also known as internet banking, web banking or home banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial insti ...

operations and

data processing Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of '' information processing'', which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by ...

applications; *

CER-12 CER ( – ''Digital Electronic Computer'') model 12 was a third-generation digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute ( Serbia) in 1971 and intended for "business and statistical data processing" (see ref. Lit. #1 and #4). However, th ...

- 1971, "electronic computer for business data processing", based on

VLSI Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) ...

technology,

wire wrapping file:Sample cross-section of high tension power (pylon) line.jpg, Overhead power cabling. The conductor consists of seven strands of steel (centre, high tensile strength), surrounded by four outer layers of aluminium (high conductivity). Sample d ...

boards, magnetic disks and

magnetic tape Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic storage made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. It was developed in Germany in 1928, based on the earlier magnetic wire recording from Denmark. Devices that use mag ...

s; * CER-11 - 1966, based on transistors, core memory,

Teletype A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is an electromechanical device that can be used to send and receive typed messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint configurations. Init ...

printer etc. Mobile military computer (used in the JNA (

Yugoslav People's Army The Yugoslav People's Army (abbreviated as JNA/; Macedonian and sr-Cyrl-Latn, Југословенска народна армија, Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and bs, Jugoslavenska narodna armija; sl, Jugoslovanska ljudska arm ...

); * CER-101 Kosmos - 1973, based on VLSI circuits,

core memory Core or cores may refer to: Science and technology * Core (anatomy), everything except the appendages * Core (manufacturing), used in casting and molding * Core (optical fiber), the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber * Core, the centr ...

magnetic drum Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria. Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as computer memory. For many early computers, drum memory formed the main working memory o ...

, paper tapes, Teletype printers; Mobile computer in special military vehicles (used in the JNA's V.T. Institute); * CER-111 - 1975, Mobile military computer, based on VLSI technology,

Hard disk drive A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magn ...

; Used in JNA until 1989.

Models and types

''CER-Computers Table (author: Dušan Hristović, M.P.Institute, Belgrade University)''; GFDL and CCSA 3.0 License.

References

Rajko Tomović Rajko Tomović (1919–2001) was a Serbian and Yugoslav scientist, who developed research programs in robotics, medical information technology, biomedical engineering, rehabilitation engineering, artificial organs, and other disciplines. He is ...

, A.Mandzić, T.Aleksić, P.Vrbavac, V.Masnikosa, D.Hristović i M. Marić: «CIFARSKI ELEKTRONSKI RAČUNAR – CER INSTITUTA VINČA«, Zbornik V Konf. ETAN – 1960,tom 1, pp. 305–330, Beograd, 18. November 1960. # Vukašin Masnikosa:«Aritmetički organ eksperiment.numeričke mašine u IBK-Vinča«, ELEKTROTEHNIKA,vol.8,No 8,pp.xx, Belgrade 1959.(takodje: ETAN-1958,pp. 303) # Dušan Hristović,Branko Dokmanović:«Napajanje rač.mašine CER«, V Konf.ETAN-60, pp. 315–324, Belgrade 1960. # Tihomir Aleksić,P.Vrbavac,J.Opačić: «Magnetno-tranzistorski brojački element i njegova primena u brojačima impulsa«,AUTOMATIKA i ELEKTRONIKA,vol.2,No4,Beograd 1962. # B.Janković,N.Parezanović,S.Rajić,M.Marić:«Analiza jednotakt.prekid.sistema na univ. računarima«,Zbornik 8.Konf. ETAN-1963, tom 1,pp. 211–217, Zagreb,7.Sept.1963. # Dušan Hristović: »Tranzistorski izlazni pojačavači za feritne memorije«, Zbornik 8.Konf. ETAN-1963, tom 1, pp. 219–225, Zagreb, 7.September 1963. # Nedeljko Parezanović: «Elektronski računar sa usvajanjem programa«, Zbornik 8.Konf.ETAN-1963,tom 1, pp. 199–204, Zagreb, 7.Sept. 1963. # Veselin Potić:«Poluprom. memorija induktivnog tipa«, 9.Kon.ETAN-64,pp. 243–246, YU Bled . # M.Hruška,M.Marić:”Pristupni sistem brze koincid.mem.vel.kapaciteta”,Zbornik 11.Konf.ETAN-67,tom 1,pp. 365–372, Niš 8.June 1967. # Dušan Hristović: »Računar CER–22«, HPEEA journal, No 10, pp. 5–12, Belgrade, Oktober 1969. # M.Momčilović,D.Hristović,P.Vrbavac et al.:»Domaći cifarski el. računari CER«, Zbornik Savetovanja:Mehanografija i AOP u preduzećima, pp. 38–58, YU Nova Varoš, 22.May 1969. # Vladislav Paunović: »Jedno rešenje veze linijskog štampača«, časopis HPEEA, No 15, pp. 31–35,Belgrade, July 1970. # Vladislav Paunović: »Aritmetička jedinica-AJ računara CER-12«, AUTOMATIKA, No3, pp. 161–165, Zagreb, 1971.(v.takodje Konf.ETAN-1972,str.877-886, Velenje, June 1972.) # Veselin Potić,M.Šavikin:«U/I sistem CER-12«,AUTOMATIKA,No 3, pp. 166–176,Zagreb,1971. # M.Momčilović, Miladin Dabić:«Domaći el.sistem za obradu podataka CER-203« VI jug.simpozium o automatizaciji obrade podataka, Zagreb, 1972. # Dušan Hristović: »MP struktura digitalnog računara HRS 101«, AUTOMATIKA, No3, pp. 173–179, Zagreb, 1972. # M.Šavikin,V.Potić,M.Timotić,A.Marjanski: «Podsistem čitača-bušača pap.trake u sklopu rač.sistema CER-12«,Zborn.16Kon.ETAN-1972,pp. 865–876, Velenje, June 1972. # V.Potić,B.Tanasijević:«Organizacija i rešenje sistema memorije na magnetnom dobošu«,Zbornik 17.Konf.ETAN-1973, tom 2, pp. 1030–1035, Novi Sad, 6.June 1973. # B. J. Kogan,P.Vrbavac et al.:«Gibr.VičislSistema GVS-100«, Sbornik IPU, Moskva 1974, pp. 5–42; Also:Proc.of the VII.Congress AICA-73, pp. 305–316, Prague 27. August 1973. # Dušan Hristović,Borivoj Lazić: «Programsko testiranje eksternih memorija«, Zbornik 18.Konf.ETAN-1974,tom 2, pp. 1157–1166, Ulcinj 6. June 1974. # Tihomir Aleksić:”Logička sinteza digitalnih sistema«,Naučna knjiga, Belgrade 1971.i 1975.(2 editions). # Veselin Potić,i dr:«Programska detekcija kvarova u disk-memoriji«,Informatika-1974, YU Bled. # Veselin Potić,Dušan Hristović:«Asocijativna struktura za adresiranje spoljnih memorija«, AUTOMATIKA,No 5-6, pp. 181–185,Zagreb 1976.(also see: 20.Konf.ETAN-76, pp. 1127–1135,YU Opatija). # Dušan Hristović: ”Interaktivni grafički terminali”,Zbornik ETAN-77,pp. 161–168,Banja Luka,6.June 1977. # Tihomir Aleksić:»RAČUNARI-ORGANIZACIJA I ARHITEKTURA«,Naucna knjiga,Belgrade 1982,85,89.i 1991. (4 editions). # Dragoljub Milićević,Dušan Hristović et al.: «RAČUNARI TIM«, Naučna knjiga,Belgrade,1990. (pp. 163–169, see the photographs of the CER computers). # Dušan Hristović: «Computer History,CER-10«, IT Star Newsletter, Vol.7, No.1, pp. 6–7, Spring issue 2009. # B.Lazić, D.Živković,Ž.Tošić,M.Stojčev,D.Obradović,V.Kovačević:»50 GODINA RAČUNARSTVA«,Zbornik 39.Konf.ETRAN-95, tom 3,pp. 7–20, Zlatibor, 6.June 1995. # D.Bečejski-Vujaklija,N.Marković(Ed):"50 Years of Computing in Serbia(50 Godina Računarstva u Srbiji)",pp. 11–44, DIS,IMP and PC Press,Belgrade 2011. # Vladislav Paunović, Dušan Hristović: «PRIKAZ I ANALIZA RAČUNARA CER« Zbornik 44.Konf.ETRAN-2000,tom 3, pp. 79–82, Sokobanja, 26.June 2000. # Dušan Hristović:"Razvoj Računarstva u Srbiji"(Development of the Computing Technology in Serbia), PHLOGISTON journal, No 18-19, pp. 89–105, Museum MNT-SANU, Belgrade 2010/2011. # Jelica Protic et al.: "Building Computers in Serbia",ComSIS, vol.8, no 3, pp. 549–571, Belgrade June 2011. {{Serbian computers CER computers Mihajlo Pupin Institute