Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (gene: ''ENTPD1''; protein: NTPDase1) also known as CD39 (Cluster of Differentiation 39), is a typical cell surface enzyme with a catalytic site on the extracellular face.
Function
NTPDase1 is an
ectonucleotidase that catalyse the hydrolysis of γ- and β-phosphate residues of triphospho- and diphosphonucleosides to the monophosphonucleoside derivative. NTPDase1 hydrolyzes
P2 receptor ligands, namely
ATP
ATP may refer to:
Companies and organizations
* Association of Tennis Professionals, men's professional tennis governing body
* American Technical Publishers, employee-owned publishing company
* ', a Danish pension
* Armenia Tree Project, non ...
,
ADP
Adp or ADP may refer to:
Aviation
* Aéroports de Paris, airport authority for the Parisian region in France
* Aeropuertos del Perú, airport operator for airports in northern Peru
* SLAF Anuradhapura, an airport in Sri Lanka
* Ampara Air ...
, UTP and UDP with similar efficacy. NTPDase1 can therefore affect P2 receptor activation and functions.
Clinical significance
ATP causes a pro-
inflammatory environment, whereas degradation of ATP into
adenosine
Adenosine (symbol A) is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives. The molecule consists of an adenine attached to a ribose via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine is one of the four nucleoside buildin ...
by the CD39/
CD73 pathway leads to an anti-inflammatory environment.
CD39 converts ATP (or ADP) to
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine; it is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. As a substitu ...
(AMP), which is converted into adenosine by CD73.
A substantial portion of the immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory activity of
regulatory T cell
The regulatory T cells (Tregs or Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. Treg cells are immunos ...
s (Tregs) is due to the adenosine produced by the CD39/CD73 pathway, insofar as Tregs express CD39 and CD73.
Adenosine produced by the CD39/CD73 pathway can protect against
ischemia-reperfusion injury.
On the other hand, high expression and activity of CD39 and CD73 on
cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bl ...
cells can prevent the immune system from inhibiting the progression of cancer.
See also
*
Cluster of differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophen ...
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
Clusters of differentiation
{{membrane-protein-stub