''Byssoloma'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family

Pilocarpaceae The Pilocarpaceae are a family of crustose lichens in the order Lecanorales. The species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in a variety of climatic regions. Pilocarpaceae was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruck ...

Taxonomy

The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...

by the Italian botanist

Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon (5 June 1818, in Padua – 8 April 1897, in Milan) was an Italian botanist who specialized in cryptogam, cryptogamic flora. He edited the exsiccata ''Lichenotheca Veneta''. During his career, ...

in 1853.

Description

Species in genus ''Byssoloma'' form

crustose Crustose is a Habit (biology), habit of some types of algae and lichens in which the organism grows tightly appressed to a substrate, forming a biological layer. ''Crustose'' adheres very closely to the Substrate (biology), substrates at all poin ...

, effuse (spreading) lichens that lack a (outer protective layer). Their , or

photosynthetic Photosynthesis ( ) is a Biological system, system of biological processes by which Photoautotrophism, photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical ener ...

partner, is of the type, a form of

green alga The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( ...

e. The

apothecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. As ...

(fruiting bodies), are (directly attached to the thallus without a stalk) and approximately circular in shape. They lack a (a rim formed by the lichen thallus) and possess a , which is a layer of loosely arranged hyphae that can appear hairy or web-like (-) in some species. The

hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...

, the spore-bearing tissue, reacts with

iodine Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a vi ...

to turn blue (I+ blue). The , consisting of

paraphyses Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis. In certain fungi, they are part of the f ...

(filamentous support structures), is unbranched or slightly branched and not or only slightly thickened at the tips. The , a layer beneath the hymenium, is dark red-brown and may turn purple when treated with

potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula K OH, and is commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), KOH is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which utili ...

(K) solution in European species. The asci, which are the sac-like structures where spores develop, typically contain eight spores. They have thick walls and a blue-staining apical dome with a darker blue tubular ring structure and an

amyloid Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology of typically 7–13 nm in diameter, a β-sheet secondary structure (known as cross-β) and ability to be stained by particular dyes, such as Congo red. In the human ...

(starch-like) gelatinous coat. The are three-

septate In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate. Examples Human anatomy * Interatrial se ...

(having three internal partitions), colourless, and found in European species. Asexual reproductive structures, the

pycnidia A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi, for instance in the order Sphaeropsidales ( Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes) or order Pleosporales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes). It is often spherical or inve ...

, are also sessile and roughly spherical, usually covered by a layer of loosely interwoven

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...

e. The

conidiophore A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an Asexual reproduction, asexual, non-motility, motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word f ...

s (spore-producing cells) are unbranched, forming flask-shaped, (rod-like), or ellipsoidal

conidia A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...

(asexual spores) that are constricted in the middle. Chemically,

argopsin Argopsin, also known as 1-chloropannarin, is a secondary metabolite produced by many lichen species, such as '' Biatora cuprea'' and '' Micarea lignaria''. Argopsin (also known as 1'-chloropannarin) is a chlorinated depsidone compound first iso ...

, a

secondary metabolite Secondary metabolites, also called ''specialised metabolites'', ''secondary products'', or ''natural products'', are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved ...

(

lichen product Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol deri ...

), is sometimes detected in one species, but otherwise, ''Byssoloma'' lacks lichen products.

Species

Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...

accepts 39 species of ''Byssoloma''. *'' Byssoloma annuum'' *'' Byssoloma aurantiacum'' *'' Byssoloma australiense'' *'' Byssoloma braulioi'' *'' Byssoloma brunneodiscum'' – China *'' Byssoloma carneum'' *''

Byssoloma catarinense ''Byssoloma'' is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by the Italian botanist Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853. Description Species in genus ''Byssoloma'' f ...

'' *'' Byssoloma catillariosporum'' *'' Byssoloma chlorinum'' *'' Byssoloma confusum'' *'' Byssoloma diederichii'' *'' Byssoloma dimerelloides'' *'' Byssoloma discordans'' *'' Byssoloma fuscothallinum'' *'' Byssoloma fuscum'' *'' Byssoloma humboldtianum'' *'' Byssoloma hypophyllum'' *'' Byssoloma kakouettae'' *'' Byssoloma laurisilvae'' – Europe *''

Byssoloma leucoblepharum ''Byssoloma'' is a genus of foliicolous lichen, leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae. Taxonomy The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by the Italian botanist Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853 ...

'' *'' Byssoloma llimonae'' *'' Byssoloma maderense'' *'' Byssoloma marginatum'' *''

Byssoloma meadii ''Byssoloma'' is a genus of foliicolous lichen, leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae. Taxonomy The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by the Italian botanist Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853 ...

'' *'' Byssoloma melanodiscocarpum'' – China *'' Byssoloma microcarpum'' *'' Byssoloma multipunctatum'' *'' Byssoloma murinum'' *'' Byssoloma permutans'' *'' Byssoloma rubrofuscum'' – China *'' Byssoloma rubromarginatum'' *'' Byssoloma spinulosum'' *'' Byssoloma sprucei'' *'' Byssoloma subdiscordans'' *'' Byssoloma subleucoblepharum'' *'' Byssoloma subundulatum'' *'' Byssoloma tricholomum'' *'' Byssoloma vanderystii'' – Africa *'' Byssoloma xanthonicum'' –

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5004527 Pilocarpaceae Lichen genera Lecanorales genera Taxa described in 1853 Taxa named by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon