Butterworth Squadron

The ''Butterworth'' Squadron was a British commercial group of three vessels, ''Butterworth'', ''Jackal'', and ''Prince Lee Boo'', that sailed for the Pacific Ocean from London via Cape Horn in late 1791.Cole, Douglas. ''Sigismund Bacstrom's Northwest Coast Drawings and an Account of his Curious Career''. BC Studies Journal, Summer 1980 The principals financing the expedition were alderman William Curtis, London ship-owner Theophilus Pritzler, and probably John Perry, a Blackwall shipbuilder. The leader of the expedition was Captain William Brown, an established whaling captain from the Greenland whale fishery. Sigismund Bacstrom, a naturalist who had previously sailed as a secretary to Sir Joseph Banks, was the surgeon for the expedition. Bacstrom produced a number of drawings during the first part of the voyage, some of which are still in existence.

The expedition is notable for a violent conflict with the Tla-o-qui-aht people of Vancouver Island and another reported conflict in Formosa.Ingraham, Joseph. ''Journal of the Brigantine HOPE on a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America 1790–92''. Imprint Society, Inc. 1971Roe, Michael ed. ''The Journal and Letters of Captain Charles Bishop on the North-West Coast of America, in the Pacific and in New South Wales 1794–1799''. The Hakluyt Society 1967 ''Butterworth'', ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' are often credited with being the first European vessels to enter Honolulu Harbor.Stokes, John Francis Gray. ''Honolulu and some new speculative phases of Hawaiian history''. Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society, 1933

''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' are also notable for taking part in the war between Kalanikupule and his uncle Ka'eokulani on the island of Oahu,Kamakau, Samuel M. ''Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii.'' Kamehameha Schools Press 1992 for firing the shot that killed John Kendrick aboard Lady Washington,Boit, John (Edmond Hayes editor). ''Log of the Union, John Boit's Remarkable Voyage 1794–1796''. Oregon Historical Society 1981 and for participating in an aborted attack on Kamehameha by Kalanikupule.

The vessels

The squadron consisted of three vessels, ''Butterworth'', a full-rigged ship four to six times the size of the two sloops that accompanied her. The role of each of the two sloops, ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'', was to act as a ship's tender, to scout ahead in shallower waters, or to go off on errands. A man named Priestly owned both sloops.

''Butterworth'''s burthen was 390 to 400 tons. ''Jackall''s burthen 86 tons; ''Prince Lee Boo''s was 56 tons. ( Burthen was a volumetric measure of cargo capacity, though expressed in tons.) As her burthen and several accounts attest, ''Prince Lee Boo'' was somewhat smaller than ''Jackal''.Howay, Frederic W. ''A List of Trading Vessels in the Maritime Fur Trade, 1785–1825''. Edited by Richard A Pierce. Kingston, Ontario, 1973

As was typical of the times, all three vessels were armed. ''Butterworth'' carried sixteen guns; the two smaller vessels had nine guns between them.

''Butterworth''

''Butterworth'' was a former French vessel, built in 1778, that came into British hands in 1784. In British hands she became a whaler.Barrington, Daines and Beaufoy, Mark. ''Possibility of Approaching the North Pole Asserted

/ref> Her master was Captain William Brown, "an able and expert seaman, regularly brought up in the whale fishery." Brown and ''Butterworth'' were Greenland whalers. Brown was highly respected in his field and was consulted by a Fellow of the Royal Society concerning the possibility of approaching the North Pole.

''Jackal''

''Jackal'' (sometimes spelled "Jackall" or "Jack Hall"), had been launched in America in 1782.''Lloyd's Register'' (1792), Seq. №P3.
/ref> The one contemporary picture of her appears to show a lapstrake sloop with tiller steering, and a removable bowsprit and lightly stayed mast such as were commonly found on longboats and cutters intended to be carried on deck or towed astern of larger vessels. She "showed a tier of ports fore and aft. The greatest part of them were false or only painted, yet they made such a good appearance that for some time we concluded she was a King's cutter or a tender to some man-of-war".

Alexander Stewart served as master of ''Jackal'' from her departure from London in late 1791 until Captain Brown took command in late 1793.Vancouver, George, (Lamb, Kaye editor). ''The Voyage of George Vancouver 1791–1795'', The Hakluyt Society 1984 Upon the death of Capt. Brown in 1795, George Lamport took command of ''Jackal''.Bloxam, Andrew. ''Diary of Andrew Bloxam, Naturalist on the "Blond"1824–25''. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special Publication 10. 1925

''Prince Lee Boo''

''Prince Lee Boo'' had been launched on the Thames in 1791. She was named for Prince Lee Boo, a young Palau Islander who traveled to London in 1784.

Masters of ''Prince Lee Boo'' were Mr. Richard Sharp, and later Robert Gordon. Upon the death of Robert Gordon in 1795, William Bonallack took command of ''Prince Lee Boo''.

Voyage 1791–1795

Although Sigismund Bacstrom, in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks of Aug. 1791, claimed that the expedition was a commercial venture aimed at bringing back "valuable drugs or natural products" and quite "independent of the new fur trade between Nootka and China," there is no evidence that it was concerned with anything but the lucrative maritime fur trade and the sealery of Tierra del Fuego.

In 1791 as the Butterworth expedition was being organized, Alderman Curtis was actively involved in the debate for opening the trade monopolies to Pacific Ocean trade held by the South Sea Company and the East India Company, particularly in light of the recent Nootka Convention with Spain which opened the Pacific Northwest Coast to British traders.Byrnes, Dan. ''Outlooks for England's South Whale Fishery, 1784–1800'', The Great Circle, October, 1988.

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Sealing/whaling

In early 1792, ''Butterworth'' anchored in New Year's Cove on Isla de los Estados, Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego, where they "built a Large Hut and left an Officer with a few Men there to kill Seals and boil Oil." acstromref name="Cole"/>

''Butterworth'' would not return for these men until the end of 1793 when ''Butterworth'' was "dispatched towards England with directions to fish for whales and seals in passing through the Pacific Ocean, and at Staten Island where Mr. Brown had formed a temporary establishment."

Northwest Coast

From Cape Horn the Butterworth squadron sailed to the Marquesas Islands and on to the Vancouver Island, reaching Clayoquot Sound in late July 1792.

In early August, Captain Brown claimed there was an unprovoked attack by the Tla-o-qui-aht People, killing one of his crew and seriously injuring two others, but other vessels present at the time told a different story.

"The English sailors landed at a village in order to rob the natives and actually cut several skins off the natives' backs. Seeing them gathering to defend themselves, the sailors fired on them, by which they said four men were killed. This was before the natives were armed, but they found their mistake as soon as Wickaninnish's warriors turned out, who with two canoes made the whaleboats fly. Had not Captain Magee Margaret''] fired a cannon shot between them, they would certainly have been cut off ... However, the Englishmen ... took ample revenge. After they were out of port ... they fell in with some canoes fishing. Captain Brown got the men out of them and caused them to be whipped in a most unmerciful manner by the Sandwich Islanders he had on board. After that he threw them into the sea, and the ship ''Jenny'' ... being astern, fired at them and ended the tragedy." One of the men killed was the brother of the chief Wickaninnish.

The Butterworth squadron then sailed north to Nootka and Haida Gwaii, returning to Nootka Sound in October. Sigismund Bacstrom, the ''Butterworth's'' surgeon and naturalist, left the Butterworth at Nootka on October 15, 1792 "on account of the ill and mean usage I received from Capt. W. Brown and his Officers." ''Prince Lee Boo'' was often used to take soundings ahead of ''Butterworth''. She was loaned to Captain George Vancouver for this purpose in Queen Charlotte Sound in 1793.

The squadron did not procure many furs on their first visit to the Northwest Coast. They wintered in the Hawaiian Islands and returned early the next year, in the Spring 1793. They had better success the 2nd year, and at the end of Autumn, Captain Brown dispatched ''Butterworth'' to return to England around Cape Horn, picking up the sealing party he had left there, with the seal skins they were expected to have procured. Brown then sailed in to Canton in ''Prince Lee Boo'' with all the furs collected by the three ships. According to Capt. George Vancouver, both ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' made this voyage to Canton.

Hawaii

The Butterworth squadron first wintered at the Hawaiian Islands in February 1793, when control of the Islands was divided between Kamehameha who controlled Hawai'i and much of Maui, and Kahekili who controlled the islands west of Maui including Oahu and Kauai. Brown traded in weapons with both Kamehameha and Kahekili, but strongly favored the latter. In particular he entered into a contract with Kahekili giving Brown the title to the island of Oahu together with four islands to windward in return for weapons and military assistance, suppressing a revolt on Kauai. James Coleman, a seaman left in Ni'ihau by Captain Kendrick who had later joined Kehikili's forces, was given stewardship of the land for Capt. Brown and authority over foreign trade during Brown's absence.Menzies, Archibald. ''Hawaii Nei 128 Years Ago''. Honolulu 1920 Although the exact date is in question, it was probably during this period of alliance with Kahekili that the Butterworth squadron became the first European vessels allowed to enter the inner Honolulu Harbor. By Hawaiian tradition, this contract would have ended upon Kahekili's death in 1794

Battle of Kuki'iahu

''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' returned to Oahu on 21 November 1794 to find a very different situation from the one they had left. On the death of Kahekili, his son Kalanikupule had succeeded him as ruler of Oahu, and Kahekili's half-brother Ka'eokulani, who had retained command of the Maui group of islands, was invading Oahu. This war became known as Kuki'iahu and was fought from November 16 until December 12, 1794.

When ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' arrived at Honolulu, Kalanikupule requested their assistance in the battle. In return Brown was to receive 400 hogs, and according to some accounts, authority over the island of Oahu. Eight men under the command of George Lamport, mate of the Jackal, joined Kalanikupule's forces in a series of battles ashore while Captain Brown and the remaining crew defended the shoreline from the ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo''.

''Jackall'' fires on ''Lady Washington''

On December 3, 1794, during the conflict, the American snow Lady Washington arrived in Pearl Harbor where she was "met with a very friendly reception by Capt. Brown." On December 6, a battle was fought, Kalanikupule was victorious.

The accounts differ as to what next happened. According to Captain Bishop of the British ship ''Ruby'', Kalanikupule "came off and did homage to Brown as before, and at his return was saluted by one of the vessels, one of the guns happened to be shotted, which pierced the cabin of the American sloop icand killed poor Kendrick at his table."

According to Captain Boit of the American sloop ''Union'', Kendrick "informed Capt. Brown that on the morrow he should cause the flag of the United States to be hoisted and fire a federal salute, which he begged might be answered by the two Englishmen, and it was accordingly agreed to, and Capt. Brown ordered three guns to be unshotted for that purpose, and about ten the next morning the ship ''Jackal'' began to salute, but on coming to the third gun it was discovered to be primed. So the apron of the fourth firearm was taken off which was fired and being shotted with round and grape shot, it pierced the side of the ''Lady Washington'' and killed Capt Kendrick as he sat at his table, and killed and wounded many upon the deck."

James Rowan, the mate of ''Lady Washington'' at the time, would later say that "he had sworn since Captain Kendrick's death he would salute no vessel in a hurry, except at a safe distance."Howay, F. W. ''The Ship Eliza in Hawaii 1799'' Annual Report of Hawaiian Historical Society, 1934

Captain Kendrick's body was buried ashore. Shortly thereafter ''Lady Washington'' sailed for Canton.

Capture of ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo''

Ka'eokulani's invading forces were defeated on December 12. Soon after, a dispute arose between Capt. Brown and Kalanikupule over what was owed to Brown regarding his claims to Oahu and his obligations to Kalanikupule. The exact nature of this dispute is not clearly recorded, but it has been suggested that Kalanikupule may have requested that Brown and his men assist Kalanikupule in an attack against Kamehameha on Hawai'i, and Brown may have refused. If Brown did indeed have a land claim from Kalanikupule, this would have traditionally required him to serve in time of war, and to refuse would have been considered rebellion, punishable by death.

Kalanikupule then decided to kill Captain Brown and capture ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo''. At his general's advice, he agreed to pay the 400 hogs. On January 1, 1795, the hogs were herded down to the beach to be slaughtered and salted down in barrels. But a great quantity of salt was needed for the task, so a party of men and a boat were sent some distance to collect it. As the mates of ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' told the story soon afterwards:

"When the greatest part of the crew of the ''Jackall'' being on shore salting pork and the remainder part away with their boat collecting salt, except apt. Brownand one man, and part of the crew of the ''Prince Le Boo'' likewise on shore on duty, that the natives of the said island about ten a.m. on the 1st of January attacked the said vessel with several canoes, killed the commander William Brown and Robert Gordon and wounded several others and got possession of the vessel."

Kalanikupule and his generals then determined to attack Kamehameha's forces on Hawai'i. On January 3 the captured crew was put to work preparing the vessels for sea, and on January 11 they were ready to sail for Hawai'i. Kalanikupule ordered all of the arms and ammunition to be loaded into the two captured vessels, along with all the captured crew, although he was advised by his general to divide them among the canoes. This proved to be a fatal mistake.

According to Lamport and Bonallack who were present, on

Another early manuscript gives more detail:

With Kalanikupule, his wife and four of their attendants confined in ''Jackal's'' cabin, ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' sailed for Hawai'i, releasing Kalanikupule, his wife and one attendant in a canoe as they passed Diamond Head at daybreak.

When they arrived at Hawai'i, Lamport and Bonallack informed John Young and Kamehameha of Kalanikupule's invasion plans, and of their intentions "to proceed immediately to China as our distressed situation will not allow us to proceed around Cape Horn." They were able to trade for provisions, handing over Kalanikupule's arms and ammunition as payment.

Conclusion of the voyage

''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' arrived in China, and are reported to have been sold there. ''Prince Lee Boo'' is last listed in ''Lloyd's Register'' for 1794.

Several of the crew of ''Jackal'' and ''Prince Lee Boo'' remained in the Pacific, notably Capt. Alexander Stewart and John Harbottle, who had both been officers in the Butterworth squadron and became prominent officers in the navy of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Stewart had left ''Jackal'' in Macao in 1793, returning to Hawai'i to marry, probably in 1795. Harbottle later sailed on the ship ''Nautilus'' and was severely injured when the crew was attacked in Formosa, reportedly in retaliation for earlier depredations by Capt. Brown when the Butterworth squadron visited the island in 1793.

''Butterworth'' successfully returned to England on 3 February 1795, with Sharpe, master. She was carrying 85 tuns of whale oil and 17500 seal skins. She then made several more whaling voyages. ''Lloyd's List'' reported that ''Butterworth'', Folger, master, had been lost on 13 July 1802 off St. Jago, while outbound to the Southern Fisheries. One man was drowned, but the rest of the crew were saved and returned to Portsmouth.''Lloyd's List'' №4289. Accessed 25 November 2016.
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Notes

Citations

References

*Clayton, Jane M. (2014) ''Ships employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775-1815: An alphabetical list of ships''. (Berforts Group). {{ISBN, 978-1908616524
*Morrison, R. (1788) ''Narrative of the Shipwreck of the Antelope East-India Pacquet on the Pelew Islands ... in August 1783''

1792 in Canada
Fur trade
Sealing ships
Whaling ships
Sailing expeditions
Pacific expeditions