Bushinengue

Surinamese Maroons (also Marrons, Businenge or Bushinengue, meaning ''black people of the forest'') are the descendants of enslaved Africans that escaped from the plantations and settled in the inland of Suriname. The Surinamese Maroon culture is one of the best-preserved pieces of cultural heritage outside of Africa. Colonial warfare, land grabs, natural disasters and migration have marked Maroon history. In Suriname six Maroon groups — or tribes — can be distinguished from each other. They themselves form a subgroup of the Afro-Surinamese.

Demographics

There are six major groups of Surinamese Maroons,Cf. ''Langues de Guyane'', sous la direction de Odile RENAULT-LESCURE et Laurence GOURY, Montpellier, IRD, 2009. who settled along different river banks:

* Aluku (or Boni) at the Commewijne River later Marowijne River,
* Kwinti at the Coppename River,
* Matawai at the Saramacca River,
* Ndyuka (or Aukan) at the Marowijne and Commewijne Rivers
* Paamaka (Paramaccan) at the Marowijne River
* Saamaka (Saramaccan) at the Suriname River

Distribution

Language

The sources of the Surinamese Maroon vocabulary are the English language, Portuguese, some Dutch and a variety of African languages. Between 5% and 20% of the vocabulary is of African origin. Its phonology is closest to that of African languages. The Surinamese Maroons have developed a system of meaning-distinctive intonation, as is common in Africa.

Religion

The traditional Surinamese Maroon religion is called Winti. It is a syncretization of different African religious beliefs and practices brought in mainly by the Akan and Fon enslaved peoples. Winti is typical for Suriname, where it originated. The religion has a pantheon of spirits called ''Winti''. Ancestor veneration is central. It has no written sources, nor a central authority. Practising Winti was forbidden by law for nearly one hundred years. Since the 1970s, many Maroons have moved to urban areas and have become evangelical. After the turn of the millennium Winti gained momentum. It is becoming more popular, especially in the Maroon diaspora.

See also

* Demographics of Suriname
* Slavery in Suriname

References

Further reading

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{{Maroons
Social history of Suriname
Ethnic groups in Suriname
Maroons (people)