, also known as manic shooter, is a subgenre of shoot 'em up video games with large amounts of projectiles the player is required to dodge. Introduced in 1993 with '' Batsugun'' and initially limited to vertically scrolling shooters, bullet hell elements were later added to other genres. Pure bullet hell games remain a niche genre due to their high level of difficulty.

History

The origin of the bullet hell genre is attributed to Toaplan, a now-defunct Japanese video game studio that developed arcade shoot 'em ups. In 1993, the studio released '' Batsugun'', an innovative game that, after the first level, featured increasingly complex and hypnotic bullet patterns. In order to make the game more fair to players, only a small part of the player's ship served as the hitbox, rather than the entire vessel itself. This remains a tenet of bullet hell shooters, allowing players to navigate through seemingly impossible swarms of bullets. The company collapsed soon after, but former employees started a different studio,

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, that continued to develop bullet hell games. The 1995 '' DonPachi'' added more twists to the formula that continue to be reflected in the genre going forward. It added a fighting game-style combo system that forced the player to defeat enemies quickly or lose score. Around this time, the '' Touhou Project'', the most prolific fan-made shooter series as recognized by ''

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'', was also conceived. Largely the work of a single doujin soft developer, ZUN, he had begun developing the games to showcase his

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s. The second game in the series, the 1997 '' Story of Eastern Wonderland'', was its first bullet hell shoot 'em up. The 2002 '' Embodiment of Scarlet Devil'' marked a large step forward for the series, and, due to its

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release, gained massive popularity with a new Western audience. In 2001, '' Ikaruga'' gained significant attention outside of Japan due to its release on the

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. It was many Western players' first experience with bullet hell, and gained a respected place in gaming culture. In the modern day, more bullet hell titles have been released on mobile platforms than ever before. While it is still a heavily Japan-centric genre, there have been some Western-developed exceptions, such as '' Jamestown: Legend of the Lost Colony''.

Bullet hell hybrids

Some games began incorporating bullet hell elements despite being different genres, muddying definitions of what exactly the genre is. RPG/bullet hell hybrids include '' Knights in the Nightmare'' (2008), '' Undertale'' (2015), '' Nier: Automata'' (2017) and '' Deltarune'' (2018, 2021, 2025) which have combat systems featuring bullet dodging. '' Enter the Gungeon'' (2016) is a twin-stick shooter roguelike with "smart" bullets. Due to the high difficulty of pure bullet hell games, such hybrids open the genre to a new audience who might not have considered trying them otherwise.

Competitive play

The competitive bullet hell scene is defined by hyper-fast reflex gameplay with a focus on achieving high scores. It has not become an

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due to a lack of human drama, as well as a belief that highly-skilled Japanese players are "gods" of the genre, causing fewer Western players to pick them up.

Bullet heaven

Bullet heaven or reverse bullet hell are terms for games in which, rather than attempting to dodge enemy projectiles, the player's character or vessel generates the bullets, typically in the manner of an auto shooter, in order to take out waves of enemies while the player moves. These games often have the player choose power ups from a random selection to improve attack and passive abilities. Such games became popular with the release of '' Vampire Survivors'' in 2022, and include games like '' Brotato'', '' 20 Minutes Till Dawn'', and '' HoloCure – Save the Fans!''. A common term for the genre, "survivors-like", stems from the popularity of ''Vampire Survivors''.

References

{{Video game genre Video game genres