The ''buk'' () is a traditional

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

drum The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a ...

. While the term ''buk'' is a native Korean word used as a generic term meaning "drum" (the Sino-Korean word being ''go''), it is most often used to refer to a shallow barrel-shaped drum, with a round wooden body that is covered on both ends with animal skin. Buk are categorized as ''hyeokbu'' (혁부, ) which are instruments made with leather, and has been used for '' jeongak'' (Korean court music) and folk music.

History

The buk used for court music are usually fixed with nails on the rims, while ones used for folk music are usually tied up with leather straps to form the shape. Performers in the court music usually beat their with ''bukchae'' (북채, a

drum stick A drum stick (or drumstick) is a type of percussion mallet used particularly for playing snare drum, drum kit, and some other percussion instruments, and particularly for playing unpitched percussion. Specialized beaters used on some other pe ...

) on one hand or two hands together, while drummers in the folk music commonly beat their with it on their right hand as hitting the other side of the buk with their bare left hand. A while ago, even ''jong'' (종, bell) was referred to as "''soebuk''" (쇠북, metal drum) and included in the ''buk'' category. ''Buk'' have been used for Korean music since the period of the

Three Kingdoms of Korea The Three Kingdoms of Korea or Samhan (Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla) competed for hegemony over the Korea, Korean Peninsula during the ancient period of History of Korea, Korean history. During the Three Kingdoms period (), many states and statele ...

(57 BC – 668 AD) in light of mural paintings in Anak Tomb of

Goguryeo Goguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD) (; ; Old Korean: Guryeo) also later known as Goryeo (; ; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, ''kwòwlyéy''), was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korea, Korean Peninsula an ...

(37 BC – 668 AD) and records of

Book of Sui The ''Book of Sui'' () is the official history of the Sui dynasty, which ruled China in the years AD 581–618. It ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written by Yan Shigu, Kong Yingda, and Zhangsun Wuji, ...

on the kingdoms,

and

Baekje Baekje or Paekche (; ) was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BCE to 660 CE. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the h ...

(18 BC – 660 AD). In the 3rd of Anak Tomb, two types of buk are depicted in the paintings titled ''Juakdo'' (주악도, , "painting of playing music") and ''Haengryeoldo'' (행렬도, , "painting of marching") such as ''ipgo'' (입고, ) and ''damgo'' (담고, ) respectively. The ''ipgo'' is a buk that performers beat as standing, while the ''damgo'' is a ''buk'' that drummers strike as carrying it on their shoulder. During the

Unified Silla Unified Silla, or Late Silla, is the name often applied to the historical period of the Korean kingdom of Silla after its conquest of Goguryeo in 668 AD, which marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. In the 7th century, a Silla–Tang alli ...

period (668–935), (대고, ) or , meaning "a big drum", was used along with a percussion instrument named (박, ) in a music played by ''Samhyeon samjuk'' (삼현삼죽, 三絃三竹) which comprises samhyeon, three string instruments such as '' geomungo'', '' gayageum'', and '' hyangbipa'' and ''samjuk'' such as , and . In the

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...

period (918–1392), as and were introduced to Korea from

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

, a lot of such as , , began to be used for the court music. In the Joseon period, scores of were used for the royal court music including and others. Among them was also used for folk music, and later became the most commonly used instrument. While there are twenty types of ''buk'' used in the present Korean traditional music, most commonly used buk are to perform (삼현육각, 三絃六角), for marching music, for (북춤, drum dance), for Buddhist ritual ceremonies, ''sogo'' used by Namsadang, and street musicians, or called for , (or called ) used for , and used by farmers as working.

Usages

There are two forms of undecorated used in Korean folk music: the used to accompany ', which has tacked heads, is called a (소리북), while the ''buk'' used to accompany ''

pungmul ''Pungmul'' (; ) is a Traditional music of Korea#Folk music, Korean folk music tradition that includes drumming, dance, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with dozens of players all in constant motion. ''Pungmul'' is rooted in th ...

'' music, which has laced heads, is called ''pungmul-buk'' (풍물북).photo
/sup> The is played with both an open left hand and a stick made of

birch A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech- oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 3 ...

that is held in the right hand, with the stick striking both the right drumhead and the wood of the drum's body. The ''pungmul-buk'' is one of the four instruments used in '' samul nori'', a modern performance version of ''pungmul'

It is played by striking a single stick (usually with the right hand) on only one of its heads. Due to its similarity in shape and construction, the (hangul: 용고; hanja: wikt:龍, 龍鼓; literally "dragon drum"), which is a

barrel drum Barrel drums are a class of membranophone, or drum, characterized by a barrel-shape with a bulge in the middle. They can be one-headed and open at the bottom, or two-headed at opposite ends. Examples include the Vietnamese ''trong chau'' and the ...

with tacked heads decorated with painted dragon designs and used in the military wind-and-percussion music called ''

daechwita ''Daechwita'' () is a genre of Korean traditional music consisting of military music played by wind and percussion instruments, generally performed while marching or as a static performance. Instrumentation Instruments used include '' na ...

'', is sometimes also classified as a form of ''buk''. It is struck with two padded sticks. A modern set of ''buk'' (usually four) is called ''modeum buk'' (모듬북).photo
/sup> They are typically placed horizontally on wooden stands and played with sticks.photo
/sup>

Types

Janggu The ''janggu'' (, also transliterated as ''janggo'' or ''changgo'') or ''seyogo'' () is a drum often used in traditional Korean music. It consists of an hourglass-shaped body with two heads made from various types of leather. The two heads pr ...

or Janggo (hangul: 장고 or 장구; hanja: 杖鼓 or 長鼓) – A double-headed hourglass-shaped drum played with one stick in each hand, or with one stick and one hand * Galgo (hangul: 갈고; hanja: 羯鼓) – Double-headed hourglass-shaped drum similar to the ''janggo'' but played with two sticks and thinner drum heads; sometimes called ''yanggo'' or ''yangjanggo''; no longer commonly use

* Jingo (drum), Jingo (hangul: 진고; hanja: 晉鼓) – Largest barrel drum * Jeolgo (hangul: 절고; hanja: ) – Barrel drum * Jwago (hangul: 좌고; hanja: ) – A barrel drum in a wooden frame * Geongo (hangul: 건고; hanja: ) – Huge barrel drum * Yonggo (hangul: 용고; hanja: ) – A barrel drum with a dragon painted on its shell; used in ''

'' * Eunggo (hangul: 응고; hanja: ) – Barrel drum suspended from a frame * Sakgo – (hangul: 삭고; hanja: ) – A long barrel drum suspended from a wooden frame * Gyobanggo (hangul: 교방고; hanja: ) – Flat drum suspended from a frame * Junggo (hangul: 중고; hanja: ) – Flat drum suspended from a frame; similar to the but larger *

Sogo is a department store chain with a significant presence in Japan. It operates a network of branches in various countries and has a long history dating back to 1830 when it was founded in Osaka by Ihei Sogō. The company is known for its retail ...

(hangul: 소고; hanja: ) – A small hand-held drum * Beopgo (hangul: 법고; hanja: ) – A small

dharma Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term ''dharma'' does not have a single, clear Untranslatability, translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit ''dhr-'', meaning ''to hold ...

drum; also refers to a large barrel drum * Nogo (hangul: 노고; hanja: ) – A set of two drums pierced by a pole * Nodo (hangul: 노도; hanja: ) – A set of two small drums on a pole, which is twisted to play; used in ritual music * Yeongdo (hangul: 노도; hanja:) – Four drums on a pole, which is twisted to play; used in ritual music * Noedo (hangul: 뇌도; hanja: )) – six small drums hung in a frame; used in ritual music * Noego (hangul: 뇌고; hanja: ) – Three small barrel drums on a pole, which is twisted to play; used in ritual music * Do (도) – single pellet drum on a pole

Gallery

Image:Airman Buk.jpg, A South Korean

airman An airman is a member of an air force or air arm of a nation's armed forces. In certain air forces, it can also refer to a specific enlisted rank. An airman can also be referred to as a soldier in other definitions. As a military rank designat ...

playing a ''pungmul-buk'' Image:Korea-Haeinsa-23.jpg, ''Beopgo'' Image:Korea-Seoul-Janggu-01.jpg, ''

'' File:Korean drumming.jpg, Drum performance File:Korean drumming 2.jpg, Korean drummer Image:Korea-Seoul-Insadong-Sanchon-04.jpg File:풍물북.jpg, Pungmul-buk

References

*''

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language '' Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and t ...

'', 2nd ed. S.v. "Puk," by Robert C. Provin

* *

Bibliography

Samguk Sagi ''Samguk sagi'' () is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Completed in 1145, it is well-known in Korea as the oldest surviving chronicle of Korean history. The ''Samguk sagi'' is written in Classical ...

Goryeosa ''Goryeosa'' (), or ''History of Goryeo'', is an extensive historical record of the Goryeo dynasty, compiled by the officials of Goryeo's successor state, Joseon. Its compilation started during the reign of Taejo of Joseon, Taejo (the founding ...

* Akhak Gwebeom * 민요와 향토악기 (장사훈, 상문당, 1948) * 국악개요 (장사훈, 정연사, 1961) * 한국음악사전 (대한민국예술원, 1985) * 국악대사전 (장사훈, 세광음악출판사, 1984)

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Buk (Drum) Drums Korean musical instruments Asian percussion instruments