Brunsvigia
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''Brunsvigia'' is a genus of African
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s in the family
Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
, subfamily
Amaryllidoideae Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'', amaryllids) is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Amaryllidaceae, Order (biology), order Asparagales. The most recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG classification, A ...
. It contains about 20
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
native to southeastern and southern
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
from
Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to t ...
to the
Cape Provinces The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the Sou ...
of South Africa.


Description


Vegetative characteristics

''Brunsvigia'' are
perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...
,
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
, temperate, bulbous herbal plants. Most species have subterranean bulbs but they are usually half-exposed in ''B. herrei'' and ''B. josephinae''. Bulbs are tender, usually large (up to 20 cm diameter), winter-growing and summer- dormant, generally flowering in early
autumn Autumn, also known as fall (especially in US & Canada), is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March ( Southern Hemisphe ...
.
Tunics A tunic is a clothing, garment for the torso, usually simple in style, reaching from the shoulders to a length somewhere between the hips and the ankles. It might have arm-sleeves, either short or full-length. Most forms have no fastenings. The ...
are often thick and
cartilaginous Cartilage is a resilient and smooth type of connective tissue. Semi-transparent and non-porous, it is usually covered by a tough and fibrous membrane called perichondrium. In tetrapods, it covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints ...
, typically brittle and tan-coloured, although they are brown and papery in ''B. josephinae'' and ''B. litoralis''. The leaves are
annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook **Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), a ...
; when mature, the leaves are broad and oblong to tongue-shaped. In species with small bulbs – ''B. radula'', ''B. comptonii'', and ''B. namaquana'' – there are just two or three leaves per plant but most other species have at least four leaves per bulb. ''B. josephinae'' has the distinction of producing as many as 20 leaves. The leaves mostly lie flat on the ground and sometimes press down so firmly that they lie vertically if the bulb is dug up. Only in ''B. litoralis'', ''B. josephinae'', ''B. grandiflora'', ''B. undulata'' and ''B. herrei'' do the leaves stand clear of the ground. Although usually smooth, the upper leaf surfaces of two Namaqualand species (''B. radula'' and ''B. namaquana'') are covered with straw-coloured bristles and in some populations of ''B. striata'' from the southern Cape, they bear soft, scale-like hairs. In the winter rainfall region of southern Africa, the foliage is produced after the flowering heads have been shed, whereas in the summer rainfall region the vegetative and flowering stages often overlap.


Generative characteristics

The scape is firm, to 35 cm, deciduous and breaking at ground level in fruiting time. The
inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...
s, a few- to many-flowered
umbel UMBEL (Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer) is a logically organized knowledge graph of 34,000 concepts and entity types that can be used in information science for relating information from disparate sources to one another. It was retired ...
s, are particularly conspicuous. In most species the
pedicels In botany, a pedicel is a stem that attaches a single flower to the inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branch ...
are long, stiff, straight and radiate outwards to form an almost perfectly spherical head; they elongate and spread after blooming. However, ''B. litoralis'', ''B. josephinae'' and ''B. orientalis'' differ in having pedicels that curve below each flower. Just three species (''B. pulchra'', ''B. marginata'' and ''B. elandsmontana'') have compact, brush-like inflorescences. The flowers are
zygomorphic Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spir ...
or almost
actinomorphic Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirall ...
with short tube, segments spreading-recurved. The six
tepal A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...
s of each flower are free to the base or shortly fused into a tube. Radially symmetrical, trumpet-shaped flowers occur in species with compact, dense inflorescences, whereas bilaterally symmetrical flowers occur in species with open, lax heads. In ''B. comptonii'', ''B. radula'' and ''B. namaquana'' the flowers are highly asymmetrical as all but one tepal curve upwards. Often the flowers are scented and all produce nectar. Their colour vary from ruby-red to brilliant scarlet or pale to bright pink and in some species the entire inflorescence is attractively coloured. Pink flowers are the norm, whereas red flowers are found in ''B. marginata'', ''B. orientalis'', ''B. litoralis'' and ''B. josephinae''. Floral markings are often variable within species but dark veins on the tepals are characteristic for ''B. bosmaniae'' and ''B. gregaria''. When in flower, the plants are spectacular but the flowering period is brief and restricted to summer and autumn.
Stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...
s clustered, arising from the
perianth The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower. It is a structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) or tepal ...
tube, ±
declinate This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...
or erect, shortly connate at base. Stigma
capitate The capitate bone is a bone in the human wrist found in the center of the carpal bone region, located at the distal end of the radius and ulna bones. It articulates with the third metacarpal bone (the middle finger) and forms the third carpomet ...
, trilobate (three-lobed). Each
locule A locule (: locules) or loculus (; : loculi) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usually refers to a chamber within an ovary ...
has 3-10 superimposed
ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the sporangium, megasporangium), ...
s whose shape resembles a spinning top.
Style Style, or styles may refer to: Film and television * ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal * ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film * ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film * '' ...
filiform Filiform, thread or filament like, can refer to: * Filiform, a common term used in botany to describe a thread-like shape *Filiform, or filiform catheter, a medical device whose component parts or segments are all cylindrical and more or less un ...
, declinate. The water-rich, non-dormant,
ovoid An oval () is a closed curve in a plane which resembles the outline of an egg. The term is not very specific, but in some areas of mathematics (projective geometry, technical drawing, etc.), it is given a more precise definition, which may inc ...
, reddish green seeds are borne in large, dry capsules that are spindle-shaped or three-angled, obtuse or acute, transversally veined, and often heavily ribbed. Capsules are
dehiscent Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part. Structures that op ...
loculicidally or breaking unevenly. Dehiscence in most species of ''Brunsvigia'' is somewhat tardy and confined to the
apex The apex is the highest point of something. The word may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional entities * Apex (comics) A-Bomb Abomination Absorbing Man Abraxas Abyss Abyss is the name of two characters appearing in Ameri ...
of the capsule, hampered below by heavy ribs that keep the
septa SEPTA, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, is a regional public transportation authority that operates bus, rapid transit, commuter rail, light rail, and electric trolleybus services for nearly four million people througho ...
closed for most of their length.


Cytology

The number of
chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...
s is 2''n'' = 22.


Taxonomy

It was published by
Lorenz Heister Lorenz Heister (Latin: ''Laurentius Heister'') (19 September 1683-18 April 1758) was a German anatomist, surgeon and botanist born in Frankfurt am Main. Biography From 1702 to 1706, Heister studied at the Universities of University of Giessen, G ...
in 1755.''Brunsvigia'' Heist. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/1371-1 The type species is not designated. The genus ''Brunsvigia'' was named after the House of Braunschweig runswickLüneburg,Meier, U. (2006, March 3)
Die ''Brunsvigia'' - die Pflanze Braunschweigs - Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte unserer Stadt.
Braunschweig Spiegel. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from http://archiv.braunschweig-spiegel.de/index.php/kultur/146-brunsvigia-die-pflanze-braunschweigs
specifically honouring the
Duke of Brunswick Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they a ...
who promoted the study of plants, including the beautiful Cape species ''B. orientalis''. The name was first used in 1753 by
Lorenz Heister Lorenz Heister (Latin: ''Laurentius Heister'') (19 September 1683-18 April 1758) was a German anatomist, surgeon and botanist born in Frankfurt am Main. Biography From 1702 to 1706, Heister studied at the Universities of University of Giessen, G ...
, a German surgeon and botanist, to describe a single bulb received in 1748 by
Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff Gustaaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff (8 August 1705 – 1 November 1750) was a Dutch colonial administrator for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). He served as Governor of Ceylon from 1736 to 1740 and as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies fr ...
from
Ryk Tulbagh Ryk Tulbagh (14 May 1699, Utrecht – 11 August 1771, Cape Town) was Governor of the Dutch Cape Colony from 27 February 1751 to 11 August 1771 under the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Tulbagh was the son of Dirk Tulbagh and Catharina Catte ...
at the
Cape A cape is a clothing accessory or a sleeveless outer garment of any length that hangs loosely and connects either at the neck or shoulders. They usually cover the back, shoulders, and arms. They come in a variety of styles and have been used th ...
.


Species

Species:Sanbi Red List of South African Plants, Species search: ''Brunsvigia''
/ref>


Ecology


Pollination

''Brunsvigia'' is the only genus of Amaryllideae in which several species have stout, somewhat tubular, brilliant scarlet, pink, or red flowers that are adapted to
bird pollination Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived from insect pollination (entomophily) and is particularly well developed in some parts of the w ...
.


Habitat

''Brunsvigia'' occurs in semi-arid regions''Brunsvigia''. (n.d.). Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/brunsvigia in sandy, well-draining soil. It occurs both in winter rainfall and summer rainfall regions.


Conservation

''Brunsvigia litoralis'' is endangered due to housing development,South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). (n.d.). ''Brunsvigia'' Heist. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://pza.sanbi.org/brunsvigia and invasive plants.McMaster, C. (2007)
The spectacular ''Brunsvigias''.
Farmer’s Weekly, 24–25.


Use


Horticulture

It has been used in intergeneric hybridisation with ''
Amaryllis ''Amaryllis'' () is the only genus in the subtribe Amaryllidinae (tribe Amaryllideae). It is a small genus of flowering bulbs, with two species. The better known of the two, '' Amaryllis belladonna'', is a native of the Western Cape region of ...
''. Such hybrids are named × ''Amarygia''.× ''Amarygia'' Cif. & Giacom. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/1335-1×Amarygia. (n.d.). Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/XAmarygia


References


Bibliography

* R.A. Dyer, 1950: ''A review of the genus Brunsvigia''. Plant Life 6: 63-83 * R.A. Dyer, 1951: ''A review of the genus Brunsvigia''. Plant Life 7: 44-64 * C.A. Smith, 1966: ''Common names of South African plants''. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. TheGovernment Printer, Pretoria * R.S. Adamson, T.A. Salter (eds.), 1950: ''Flora of the Cape Peninsula''. Juta, Cape Town and Johannesburg * J. Manning, P. Goldblatt, 2000: ''Wild flowers of the fairest Cape''. Red Roof Design in association with the Nationalotanical Institute, Cape Town * E.G. Rice, R.H. Compton, 1950: ''Wild flowers of the Cape of Good Hope''. The Botanical Society of SA, Cape Town * A. Pauw, S. Johnson, 1999: ''Table Mountain: a natural history''. Fernwood Press * G.D. Duncan, 2000: ''Grow bulbs''. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series, National Botanical Institute, Cape Town * G.D. Duncan, 2002: ''Grow nerines''. Kirstenbosch Gardening Series, National Botanical Institute, Cape Town


External links

* *
Bulb Society gallery
{{Taxonbar, from=Q137385 Amaryllidaceae genera Amaryllidoideae