Bruno Mankowski, (October 30, 1902 - July 31, 1990) was a German-born American sculptor, carver, ceramicist and

medalist A medalist (or medallist) is an artist who designs medals, plaquettes, badges, metal medallions, coins and similar small works in relief in metal. Historically, medalists were typically also involved in producing their designs, and were usually e ...

. Executing the designs of other sculptors, he carved architectural ornament for the United States Capitol, the United States Supreme Court Building, and the

Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building The Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building is the headquarters of the United States Department of Justice. The building is located at 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, on a trapezoidal lot on the block bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue to the ...

, in Washington, D.C. He carved

Art Deco Art Deco, short for the French ''Arts Décoratifs'', and sometimes just called Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in France in the 1910s (just before World War I), and flourished in the Unite ...

ornament for Rockefeller Center, and Neo-Gothic ornament for

Riverside Church Riverside Church is an interdenominational church in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on the block bounded by Riverside Drive, Claremont Avenue, 120th Street and 122nd Street near Columbia University's Mornings ...

, both in New York City."Great Events of Science Are Cut in Stone," ''Lansing State Journal'', August 14, 1948. Mankowski was also a high-regarded medalist, receiving numerous commissions and awards.

Life and career

He was born in

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

to Tadeusz Mankowski and Emily Kaselow. His father was an architectural sculptor, who gave him early art instruction, and under whom he later apprenticed.''Proceedings of the American Numismatic Society, Annual Meeting'', vol. 102 (ANS, 1960), p. 102. He studied under Joseph Thorak at the Municipal and State Art Schools in Berlin. Mankowski emigrated to the United States in 1928,"Bruno Mankowski," ''The National Commemorative Society Newsletter'', vol. 10, no. 6 (July 1972), p.

/ref> and studied further at the Beaux Arts Institute of Design in New York City. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1933.Mary Jean Smith Madigan, ''Steuben Glass: An American Tradition in Crystal'' (New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1982), p. 198.

Lege Atque Ordine Omnia Fiunt - Robert F

Mankowski worked as a carver for John Donnelly & Company in the 1930s, a firm that supplied architectural sculpture for a number of Washington, D.C. federal buildings. He did work on the U. S. Supreme Court Building, although no specific project has been connected to him. Alongside carvers William Kapp,

Roger Morigi Roger (Ruggiero) Morigi (4 October 1907 – 12 January 1995) was an Italian-born American stone carver and architectural sculptor. He made major contributions to Washington National Cathedral and other Washington, D.C. buildings. He was the tea ...

and Otto Thieleman, Mankowski executed the work of sculptor Paul Jennewein for what is now the

.U.S. Department of Justice
''The Robert F. Kennedy Building: Celebrating Art and Architecture on the 75th Anniversary, 1934–2009'' (PDF)
/ref> This included ''The Four Elements''—''Earth'', ''Air'', ''Water'', ''Fire'' (limestone, 1933–1936), a set of larger-than-life allegorical figures for the fifth floor lobby. The four men also carved Jennewein's ''Lege Atque Ordine Omnia Fiunt''

architrave In classical architecture, an architrave (; from it, architrave "chief beam", also called an epistyle; from Greek ἐπίστυλον ''epistylon'' "door frame") is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns. The term can ...

(limestone, 1935), over the building's entrance. In 1937,

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

committed to building a pavilion at the

1939 New York World's Fair The 1939–40 New York World's Fair was a world's fair held at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York, United States. It was the second-most expensive American world's fair of all time, exceeded only by St. Louis's Louisiana Purchas ...

. Fiorello LaGuardia, mayor of New York City, opposed Germany's participation in the exposition, and publicly proposed that the German Pavilion should be a "House of Horrors" of

Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...

atrocities.James J. Fortuna, "Fascism, National Socialism, and the 1939 World's Fair," ''Fascist and National Socialistic Antiquities and Materialities from the Interwar Era to the Present Day'', vol. 8, no. 2 (Dec 2019), pp. 179-218.

Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then ...

, who seems to have planned a

state visit A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country, at the invitation of the head of state of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. Speaking for the host ...

to tour the fair, was insulted, and likely cancelled Germany's participation himself. In reaction, LaGuardia endorsed the idea of a Freedom Pavilion, that would exhibit works by German artists and exiles opposed to the Nazi Regime.''Freedom Pavilion: Germany Yesterday - Germany Tomorrow'' (New York World's Fair booklet, 1939). The fair's Hall of Nations featured twenty identical pavilions in attached rows, ten on each side of the Court of Peace, culminating, at the head of the court, with the United States (Federal) Building. Each pavilion featured a colossal statue on its façade and a flagpole for the country's national flag. Mankowski created the colossal statue ''Shepherd''—a "semi-nude male figure carrying sheep on shoulders; two sheep at feet"—for what may have been the Freedom Pavilion.

Grover Whalen Grover Aloysius Whalen (1886–1962) was a prominent politician, businessman, and public relations guru in New York City during the 1930s and 1940s. Early years Whalen was born on July 2, 1886, in New York City, the son of an Irish immigrant fath ...

, president of the New York World's Fair Corporation, had worked hard to secure Germany's participation, and resented LaGuardia's interference. "In the end, fair officials prevented the reedompavilion from ever opening." Mankowski's statue stood on an empty building. For the

Works Progress Administration The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, i ...

art program, Mankowski created ''The Farmer's Letter'' (1939), a plaster relief panel for the

post office A post office is a public facility and a retailer that provides mail services, such as accepting letters and parcels, providing post office boxes, and selling postage stamps, packaging, and stationery. Post offices may offer additional serv ...

in Chesterfield, South Carolina. He served in the U.S. Army during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, 1942-1945. After the war,

Michigan State University Michigan State University (Michigan State, MSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan. It was founded in 1855 as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, the fi ...

built a new Physics - Mathematics Building (1947-1949).Darlene Salman, "History of the Physics Department: Physics - Mathematics Building (1949)," ''Physics and Astronomy Newsletter'', vol. 6 (Fall 2004), pp. 4-
(PDF)
/ref> A Modernist, functional building, its austerity was relieved by a bit of whimsy. Professor Thomas H. Osgood, Chair of the Physics Department, selected a number of illustrations from the History of Science, and these were incised into the limestone panels surrounding the building's entrance. Among the

vignette Vignette may refer to: * Vignette (entertainment), a sketch in a sketch comedy * Vignette (graphic design), decorative designs in books (originally in the form of leaves and vines) to separate sections or chapters * Vignette (literature), short, i ...

s: Galileo and his solar system, Isaac Newton and his experiments with gravity, Benjamin Franklin and his kite, Marconi and his wireless telegraph, and

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory ...

and the atom. Sculptor Carl L. Schmitz turned the illustrations into plaster models, and Mankowski carved them into the limestone. Mankowski exhibited ''Pieta'' at the 14th Ceramic National Exhibition (1949), hosted by the

Carnegie Museum of Art The Carnegie Museum of Art, is an art museum in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Originally known as the Department of Fine Arts, Carnegie Institute and was at what is now the Main Branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsbur ...

, Pittsburgh. This highly usual piece was a larger-than-life double head-and-bust, and depicted the Madonna embracing the dead Christ. It was awarded the 1949 United Clay Mines Prize. The ceramic exhibition traveled to Dallas and Los Angeles. Mankowski won the 1949 design competition (and $1,500 prize) to create the medal commemorating the upcoming 50th anniversary of the

Medallic Art Company Medallic Art Company, Ltd. based in Dayton, Nevada was at one time "America’s oldest and largest private mint" and specialized in making academic awards, maces, medallions, along with chains of office and universities medals for schools. Aft ...

."Bruno Mankowski," ''The Medallist'', vol. 7, no. 3 (December 1990), p. 8. Its obverse featured an Art Deco relief bust of

Minerva Minerva (; ett, Menrva) is the Roman goddess of wisdom, justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. Minerva is not a patron of violence such as Mars, but of strategic war. From the second century BC onward, the Roma ...

, Goddess of the Fine Arts, with a pantograph in the foreground, the device used to trace a relief for reduction. Its reverse featured the palm of a hand holding the same medal shown on the obverse. The work alluded to both the artistic inspiration and the mechanical process necessary to create a medal. Examples of the "Minerva Medal" are in the collections of the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

, the

National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of char ...

, and other museums.

U.S. Capitol

Capitol Dome on a beautiful Friday afternoon in -dc

As part of the 1949-1950 restoration of the U.S. Capitol, prominent American sculptors were commissioned to create twenty-three relief busts of historic lawmakers for the House Chamber. Mankowski carved nine of the relief busts in marble, modeled by sculptors Gaetano Cecere, Jean de Marco, and

Thomas Hudson Jones Thomas Hudson Jones (July 24, 1892 – November 4, 1969) was a U.S. sculptor for the Army's Institute of Heraldry. Biography Jones was born in Buffalo, New York. His father was an engraver and encouraged him from childhood to be a sculptor. He a ...

. The twenty-three relief busts were installed over the doors to the House Chamber.

Lee Lawrie Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 – January 23, 1963) was an American architectural sculptor and a key figure in the American art scene preceding World War II. Over his long career of more than 300 commissions Lawrie's style evolved through ...

modeled three relief panels for the Senate Chamber, including ''Courage'', depicting a man battling with a serpent. Mankowski carved ''Courage'' in marble, 1950, and it was installed over the West Doorway of the Senate Chamber. Under the supervision of

Paul Manship Paul Howard Manship (December 24, 1885 – January 28, 1966) was an American sculptor. He consistently created mythological pieces in a classical style, and was a major force in the Art Deco movement. He is well known for his large public com ...

, Mankowski created a replica of the ''Genius of America'' pediment for the East Portico of the

U.S. Capitol The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the Seat of government, seat of the Legislature, legislative branch of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government, which is form ...

Luigi Persico Luigi Persico (1791 Naples - 14 May 1860 Marseille) was an Italian neoclassical painter and sculptor. Biography Born in Naples, Luigi Persico studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Napoli, then headed by the French painter Jean-Baptiste Wicar ...

had designed and carved the original sculpture group in sandstone, 1825-1828. Carl L. Schmitz recreated the 130-year-old figures in plaster, restoring lost detail, including their eroded faces. These became the models from which Mankowski carved the marble replicas, 1959-1960. File:Flickr - USCapitol - Alfonso X, the "Wise" (1221-1284).jpg, ''Alphonso X "The Wise"'' (1950) by Gaetano Cecere, House Chamber File:Simon de Montfort bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''Simon de Montfort'' (1950) by Gaetano Cecere, House Chamber File:Justinian I bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''Justinian'' (1950) by Gaetano Cecere, House Chamber File:George Mason bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''George Mason'' (1950) by Gaetano Cecere, House Chamber File:Moses bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''Moses'' (1950) by Jean de Marco, House Chamber File:Flickr - USCapitol - Saint Louis (1214-1270).jpg, ''St. Louis'' (1950) by Jean de Marco, House Chamber File:Sir William Blackstone bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''Sir William Blackstone'' (1950) by Thomas Hudson Jones, House Chamber File:Gregory IX bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''Gregory IX'' (1950) by Thomas Hudson Jones, House Chamber File:Hammurabi bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg, ''Hammurabi'' (1950) by Thomas Hudson Jones, House Chamber

Other works

Frick Fine Arts Building - Pitt - IMG 0762

In 1950, American Export Lines commissioned twin

ocean liner An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships). Ca ...

s from

Bethlehem Steel The Bethlehem Steel Corporation was an American steelmaking company headquartered in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. For most of the 20th century, it was one of the world's largest steel producing and shipbuilding companies. At the height of its succe ...

's Fore River Shipyard in

Quincy, Massachusetts Quincy ( ) is a coastal U.S. city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest city in the county and a part of Greater Boston, Metropolitan Boston as one of Boston's immediate southern suburbs. Its population in 2020 was 1 ...

. Completed in 1951, they were christened SS ''Constitution'' and SS ''Independence'', in honor of historic warships that had been built in Massachusetts. Mankowski was commissioned to recreate the warships' figureheads for the liners."Today's Artists Portray Old Sailing Ship Art on America's Newest Vessels," ''Motor Boating'', vol. 93, no. 3 (March 1954), p. 37. The original figurehead of USS ''Constitution'' (1897) had been a figure of

Hercules Hercules (, ) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the Gr ...

, designed and carved by John & Simeon Skillin of Boston. The original figurehead of USS ''Independence'' had a been a figure of a Native American chief, possibly Massasoit. Mankowski made life size models of his replica figureheads, but the plan for enlarging them and mounting them on the bows of the liners was abandoned. Instead, each model was displayed inside its liner as a work of art. Mankowski created numerous designs for the

Steuben Glass Steuben Glass is an American art glass manufacturer, founded in the summer of 1903 by Frederick Carder and Thomas G. Hawkes in Corning, New York, which is in Steuben County, from which the company name was derived. Hawkes was the owner of the la ...

Company, notably the etched crystal ''Buffalo Bowl'' (1954). Paul Jennewein and Mankowski reunited for a project at the

National Library of Medicine The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health. Its ...

, in

Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda () is an unincorporated, census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland. It is located just northwest of Washington, D.C. It takes its name from a local church, the Bethesda Meeting House (1820, rebuilt 1849), which in ...

. In 1961, Jennewein was commissioned to create a group portrait of the library's late founders: Dr. John Shaw Billings, Dr. Robert Fletcher and Dr. Fielding Garrison. His solution was essentially a larger-than-life drawing of the trio, its lines inscribed into the gray marble of library's lobby, then gold leafed. "The portrait busts of Billings, Fletcher, and Garrison, designed by Mr. C. Paul Jennewein, have been chiseled into the marble of the north wall of the lobby by Mr. Bruno Mankowski, an expert carver and an artist in his own right."

Malvina Hoffman Malvina Cornell Hoffman (June 15, 1885July 10, 1966) was an American sculptor and author, well known for her life-size bronze sculptures of people. She also worked in plaster and marble. Hoffman created portrait busts of working-class people and ...

modeled, and Mankowski carved in limestone, a roundel relief bust of Henry Clay Frick (1964 or 1965), for the façade of the Frick Fine Arts Building at the

University of Pittsburgh The University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) is a public state-related research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus, home to the universit ...

Exhibitions, honors and awards

Mankowski exhibited at the

National Academy of Design The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists, founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright, Ithiel Town, and others "to promote the fin ...

's annual exhibitions, 1940-1943, 1947-1950, 1956-1963. He exhibited semi-regularly at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts's annual exhibitions, from 1934 to 1954.Falk, Peter Hastings, ed., ''The Annual Exhibition Record of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Volume 3, 1914 - 1968'', Sound View Press, Madison, Connecticut, 1989, p. 308. He exhibited at the ''Artists for Victory Exhibition'', hosted by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in December 1942.''Artists for Victory: An Exhibition of Contemporary American Art'' (New York: Artists for Victory, 1942), p. 29. Mankowski was elected to the

National Sculpture Society Founded in 1893, the National Sculpture Society (NSS) was the first organization of professional sculptors formed in the United States. The purpose of the organization was to promote the welfare of American sculptors, although its founding members ...

in 1941, and elected a fellow in year. NSS awarded him its 1952 Louis Bennett Prize (for ''Minerva Medal''), and its 1972 Gold Medal. Mankowski was elected a member of the American Numismatic Society in year, and was elected a fellow in year. ANS awarded him its 1960 J. Sanford Saltus Medal for lifetime achievement in medallic art, and its 1980 Numismatic Art Award. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1950. Mankowski was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1956, and elected an academician in 1968. The Allied Artists of America awarded him its 1960 Lindsay Morris Memorial Prize, and its 1964 Daniel Chester French Award.

Personal

Mankowski was living in

Toronto, Canada Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor ...

in the 1970s. Art historian George Gurney interviewed him in preparation for the 1979 exhibition "Sculpture and the Federal Triangle," at the National Museum of American Art. Mankowski retired to

DeBary, Florida DeBary is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States, on the eastern shore of the St. Johns River near Lake Monroe. According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 20,696. It is part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Orm ...

in 1980.''The Orlando Sentinel'', August 5, 1990
/ref> He died there on July 31, 1990. His only survivor was a nephew. Mankowski's papers are at the

Archives of American Art The Archives of American Art is the largest collection of primary resources documenting the history of the visual arts in the United States. More than 20 million items of original material are housed in the Archives' research centers in Washingt ...

Selected works

Sculptures

* ''Seated Female Figure'' (medium, 1934), height: . Exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1934. * Relief: ''The Farmer's Letter'' (plaster, 1939), height: , width: height: , U.S. Post Office, Chesterfield, South Carolina, WPA relief panel * ''Shepherd'' ( staff?, 1939), Hall of Nations, 1939 New York World's Fair * ''Head of American Working Girl'' (medium, 1942). Exhibited at ''Artists for Victory Exhibition'', 1942. Exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1947. * Relief: ''War Memorial Plaque'' (bronze, 1948), Macombs Junior High School, New York City * ''The Sisters'' (limestone, 1949), height: . Exhibited at Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1949. * ''Pieta'' (terra cotta, 1949). Winner of the United Clay Mines Prize, 14th Ceramic National Exhibition (1949), Carnegie Museum of Art"The Fourteenth Ceramic National," ''American Artist'', vol. 14, no.1 (January 1950), p. 43. * ''Hercules'' (cast stone?, 1950-1951), replica figurehead for SS Constitution * '' Massasoit'' (cast stone?, 1950-1951), replica figurehead for SS Independence * Relief: ''Lithuanian Flyers Memorial'' (aluminum and marble, 1957), Lithuania Square, Union Avenue & Hewes Street, Brooklyn, New York City A double portrait of Lithuanian-American pilots Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas, who attempted a 1933 trans-Atlantic flight from Brooklyn to Lithuania, but whose plane mysteriously went down over Germany. * ''Intimate Conversation'' (terra cotta, 1958), height: . Winner of the Ceramic Sculpture Award, Twentieth Ceramic International Exhibition (1959), Syracuse Museum. * ''Young Woman Standing'' (terra cotta, 1959) * ''Kneeling Nude'' (Indiana limestone, 1970), height: , Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, Florida * ''Duckbill Platypus'' (marble, 1988), Brookgreen Gardens, Murrells Inlet, South Carolina * ''Girl with Book'' (stone, year), height: ,

Museum, New York City * ''Head of a Man - Self-portrait'' (plaster, year)

Medals

* ''New York World's Fair Medal'' (bronze, 1939), Equitable Life Assurance CompanyDavid T. Alexander, ''Medals of the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New York University'' (David Thomason Alexander, 2019), pp. 138-13

/ref> * ''50th Anniversary Medal of Medallic Art Company'' a.k.a. ''Minerva Medal'' (bronze, 1949). Winner of the National Sculpture Society's 1952 Louis Bennett Prize. Examples at

, and other museums. * ''Diamond Jubilee of Electric Light Medal'' (bronze, 1954) * ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt Medal'' (bronze, 1968) * ''American Folklore Medal'' (bronze, 1969), National Gallery of Art (ex collection: Corcoran Gallery of Art) Society of Medalists - 79th Issue: features an image of Paul Bunyan on the obverse and Johnny Appleseed on the reverse. * ''George Washington Carver Medal'' (bronze, 1969), American Negro Commemorative Society * ''Science and Technical Award Medal'' (bronze, 1972). The obverse is a high relief after

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, Drawing, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially res ...

's '' Vitruvian Man''. * ''George Gershwin Medal'' (bronze, 1972) * ''Asa Gray Medal'' (bronze, 1972), Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York University * ''Henry Aaron Medal'' (bronze, 1974) * ''Marqui de Lafayette Medal'' (bronze, 1977), American Bicentennial Commemorative Society

Paintings

* ''Self-Portrait'' (oil on canvas, 1967), National Academy of Design Museum, New York CityBruno Mankowski
from National Portrait Gallery.

Glass

* ''Buffalo Bowl'' (etched crystal, 1954), Steuben Glass Company

Notes

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Mankowski, Bruno 1902 births 1990 deaths Artists from Berlin German emigrants to the United States Naturalized citizens of the United States 20th-century American sculptors 20th-century American male artists American male sculptors Art Deco sculptors American architectural sculptors Stone carvers Treasury Relief Art Project artists American numismatists National Sculpture Society members Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters National Academy of Design members