Brooks's is a

gentlemen's club A gentlemen's club is a private social club of a type originally established by males from Britain's upper classes starting in the 17th century. Many countries outside Britain have prominent gentlemen's clubs, mostly those associated with the ...

St James's Street St James's Street is the principal street in the district of St James's, central London. It runs from Piccadilly downhill to St James's Palace and Pall Mall. The main gatehouse of the Palace is at the southern end of the road; in the 17th centu ...

, London. It is one of the oldest and most exclusive gentlemen's clubs in the world.

History

In January 1762, a private society was established at 50 Pall Mall by Messrs. Boothby and James in response to having been blackballed for membership of

White's White's is a gentlemen's club in St James's, London. Founded in 1693 as a hot chocolate shop in Mayfair, it is London's oldest club and therefore the oldest private members' club in the world. It moved to its current premises on St James's St ...

. This society then split to form the predecessors of both Brooks's and

Boodle's Boodle's is a gentlemen's club in London, England, with its clubhouse located at 28 St James's Street. Founded in January 1762 by Lord Shelburne, who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and then 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, it is t ...

. The club that was to become Brooks's was founded in March 1764 by twenty-seven prominent Whig nobles including the

Duke of Portland Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ...

, the

Duke of Roxburghe The Duke of Roxburghe () is a title in the peerage of Scotland created in 1707 along with the titles ''Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford'', ''Earl of Kelso'' and ''Viscount Broxmouth''. John Ker, 5th Earl of Roxburghe became the first holder ...

, Lord Crewe and Lord Strathmore.

Charles James Fox Charles James Fox (24 January 1749 – 13 September 1806), styled ''The Honourable'' from 1762, was a British British Whig Party, Whig politician and statesman whose parliamentary career spanned 38 years of the late 18th and early 19th centurie ...

was elected as a member the following year at the age of sixteen. The club premises at 49 Pall Mall was a former tavern owned by

William Almack William Almack (1741–1781) was an English valet, merchant and tavern owner, who became the founder of fashionable clubs and assembly-rooms. His Almack's Coffee House was bought in 1774 and became the gentlemen's club, Brooks's. Biography Acco ...

as was the neighbouring 50 Pall Mall where the society had previously met and so the club become simply known as

Almack's Almack's was the name of a number of establishments and social clubs in London between the 18th and 20th centuries. Two of the social clubs would go on to fame as Brooks's and Boodle's. Almack's most famous establishment was based in assembly ...

. These fashionable young men, known as Macaronis, would frequent the premises for the purposes of wining, dining and gambling. In September 1777 William Brooks, a wine merchant and money lender who acted as Master, or manager, for Almack's, commissioned Henry Holland to design and construct a purpose-built clubhouse at a site on neighbouring St James's Street. Paid for at Brooks's own expense, the building was completed in October 1778 and all existing members of Almack's were invited to join. Brooks's gamble paid off as all existing members swiftly moved into the new building and the club then took on Brooks's name as its own. Brooks himself however would not live long to enjoy this success, dying in poverty in 1782. The new clubhouse was built of yellow brick and

Portland stone Portland stone is a limestone geological formation (formally named the Portland Stone Formation) dating to the Tithonian age of the Late Jurassic that is quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. The quarries are cut in beds of whi ...

in a

Palladian Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...

style similar to Holland's early country houses. The main suite of rooms on the first floor consisted of the Great Subscription Room, Small Drawing Room and the Card Room. The interiors are in neoclassical style, the Great Subscription Room having a segmental

barrel vault A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault, wagon vault or wagonhead vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are ...

ceiling. The interior of the building remained fairly unchanged until 1889 when neighbouring 2 Park Place, which had been purchased a few years before, was converted and adapted as part of Brooks's. The main historic attraction of Brooks's was its gambling rooms. At several tables in one, members would stake fortunes on

whist Whist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was widely played in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although the rules are simple, there is scope for strategic play. History In 1674, '' The Complete Gamester'' described the game Ru ...

and

hazard A hazard is a potential source of harm. Substances, events, or circumstances can constitute hazards when their nature would potentially allow them to cause damage to health, life, property, or any other interest of value. The probability of that ...

. Gambling all night was common. When the stakes far exceeded any ordinary expenses, all the club accounts were commonly deducted from winnings, so that no bills were rendered to members. Numerous eccentric bets were and are made in the Brooks's betting book. One extraordinary entry from 1785 is " Ld. Cholmondeley has given two guineas to Ld. Derby, to receive 500 Gs whenever his lordship fucks a woman in a balloon one thousand yards 00 mfrom the Earth." The first hot air balloon flight had taken place just two years earlier in 1783. In 1978, the

St James's Club The St James's Club was a London gentlemen's club which operated between 1857 and 1978. It was founded by two leading diplomats and its members continued to be largely diplomats and authors. It was first established in Bennet Street, and after a b ...

amalgamated with Brooks's, adding to its membership some European royalty, members of the British

diplomatic corps The diplomatic corps () is the collective body of foreign diplomats accredited to a particular country or body. The diplomatic corps may, in certain contexts, refer to the collection of accredited heads of mission ( ambassadors, high commis ...

and writers. The portrait collection of

Sir Francis Dashwood Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer, PC, FRS (December 1708 – 11 December 1781) was an English politician and rake, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1762–1763) and founder of the Hellfire Club. Life and career Early life Dashwood was ...

's infamous

Dilettanti Society The Society of Dilettanti (founded 1734) is a British society of noblemen and scholars that sponsored the study of ancient Greek and Roman art, and the creation of new work in the style. History Though the exact date is unknown, the Society is ...

is housed at the Club and there is also an historic association with the infamous society of 18th-century

rake hells In a historical context, a rake (short for rakehell, analogous to "hellraiser") was a man who was habituated to immoral conduct, particularly womanizing. Often, a rake was also prodigal, wasting his (usually inherited) fortune on gambling, w ...

, the

Hellfire Club Hellfire Club was a term used to describe several exclusive Club (organization), clubs for high-society Rake (character), rakes established in Great Britain and Ireland in the 18th Century. The name most commonly refers to Francis Dashwood, 11t ...

Notable former members

Born in the 18th century

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John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (17 July 1737 – 7 March 1776), born John Lyon, was a Scottish nobleman and peer. He was the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and one of the maternal ancestors of King Charles III. The Ear ...

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George Parkyns, 2nd Baron Rancliffe George Augustus Henry Anne Parkyns, 2nd Baron Rancliffe (10 June 1785 – 1 November 1850) of Bunny Hall was an English landowner and politician from Nottinghamshire. A baron in the peerage of Ireland, he sat in the House of Commons of the Unit ...

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William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley (8 January 1789 – 16 November 1849) was a British Army officer, peer and socialite, who was a friend of Beau Brummell and one of a close circle of young men surrounding the Prince Regent. Early life and milita ...

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George Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent George Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent of Carlanstown, GCMG (31 December 1788 – 26 November 1850), was an Irish politician. Life A younger son of George Nugent-Temple, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, by Lady Mary Elizabeth Nugent, only d ...

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Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth Robert Monsey Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth, PC (18 December 1790 – 26 July 1868) was a British lawyer and Liberal politician. He twice served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Background and education Born at Cranworth, Norfolk, he ...

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Born in the 19th century

Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, (30 June 1800 – 20 July 1873) was a British lawyer, judge and Liberal politician. He served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain between 1861 and 1865. He was knighted in 1852 and raised to the peer ...

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Sir Edward Buxton, 2nd Baronet Sir Edward North Buxton, 2nd Baronet (16 September 1812 – 11 June 1858) was a British Liberal Party politician. He was the son of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton and his wife, Hannah Gurney (1783–1872). He married Catherine Gurney (1814–1911), da ...

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(1815–1896) * Sir John Pender (1816–1896) *

Edward Pleydell-Bouverie Edward Pleydell-Bouverie PC, FRS (26 April 1818 – 16 December 1889), styled The Honourable from 1828 to 1855, was a British Liberal politician. He was a member of Lord Palmerston's first administration as Paymaster General and Vice-Presiden ...

(1818–1889) * John Dalrymple, 10th Earl of Stair (1819–1903) * Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea (1821–1894) * George Hay, Earl of Gifford (1822–1862) * Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet (1822–1895) * Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford (1823–1898) * George Glyn, 2nd Baron Wolverton (1824–1887) * Valentine Browne, 4th Earl of Kenmare (1825–1905) * Thomas Brooks, 1st Baron Crawshaw (1825–1908) * Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster (1825–1899) * Anthony Henley, 3rd Baron Henley (1825–1898) * John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (1826–1902) * Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook (1826–1904) * Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1826–1902) * James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk (1827–1905) * George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (1827–1909) * Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford (1828–1911) * Wentworth Beaumont, 1st Baron Allendale (1829–1907) * Richard Boyle, 9th Earl of Cork (1829–1904) * Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, 1st Baron Brabourne (1829–1893) * Henry Portman, 2nd Viscount Portman (1829–1919) * John St Aubyn, 1st Baron St Levan (1829–1908) * George Byng, 3rd Earl of Strafford (1830–1898) * Francis Foljambe (Liberal politician), Francis Foljambe (1830–1917) * George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen (1831–1907) * Algernon West (1832–1921) * Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (1833–1908) * John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton (1834–1902) * Michael Biddulph, 1st Baron Biddulph (1834–1923) * Charles Anderson-Pelham, 3rd Earl of Yarborough (1835–1875) * Robert Duff (politician, born 1835), Sir Robert William Duff, GCMG, PC (1835–1895) * William Edwardes, 4th Baron Kensington (1835–1906) * John William Mellor (1835–1911) * John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer (1835–1910) * Edmond Wodehouse (Bath MP), Edmond Wodehouse (1835–1914) * Evelyn Ashley, The Hon. Evelyn Ashley (1836–1907) * Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey (1836–1918) * Michael Bass, 1st Baron Burton (1837–1909) * Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baron Stalbridge (1837–1912) * Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell (1837–1899) * Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet (1838–1928) * Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran (1839–1901) * Montague Guest (1839–1909) * Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 4th Baron Sudeley (1840–1922) * Edward Heneage, 1st Baron Heneage (1840–1922) * Henry Strutt, 2nd Baron Belper (1840–1914) * Archibald Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford (1841–1922) * Robert Haldane-Duncan, 3rd Earl of Camperdown (1841–1918) * Hamar Alfred Bass (1842–1898) * Robert Finlay, 1st Viscount Finlay (1842–1929) * Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845–1927) * Charles Cecil Cotes (1846–1898) * Herbert Gardner, 1st Baron Burghclere (1846–1921) * John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence (1846–1913) * Edward Walter Hamilton (1847–1908) * Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929) * Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin (1849–1917) * Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth (1849–1909) * Sir John Simeon, 4th Baronet (1850–1909) * Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey (1851–1917) * Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough (1851–1920) * Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland (1851–1913) * Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale (1854–1925) * George Venables-Vernon, 7th Baron Vernon (1854–1928) * William Mansfield, 1st Viscount Sandhurst (1855–1921) * Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane (1856–1928) * Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys (1856–1897) * Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe (1858–1945) * Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford (1858–1940) * Sir Charles Seely, 2nd Baronet (1859–1926) * Wentworth Beaumont, 1st Viscount Allendale (1860–1923) * Hubert Beaumont (Liberal politician), The Hon. Hubert Beaumont (1864–1922) * Sir John Fuller, 1st Baronet (1864–1913) * Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon (1866–1941) * Baron Mount Temple, Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple (1867–1939) * Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (1868–1938) * Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill (1869–1935) * Christopher Vane, 10th Baron Barnard, Christopher Vane, 10th Baron Barnard, CMG, OBE, MC, TD (1888–1964)

Born in the 20th century

* James Lees-Milne (1908–1997) * Isaiah Berlin, Sir Isaiah Berlin, OM (1909–1997) * Patrick Dean (diplomat), Sir Patrick Dean, GCMG (1909–1994) * Vane Ivanovic (1913–1999) * Patrick O'Brian CBE (1914–2000), author of the Aubrey-Maturin novels * Gordon Richardson, Baron Richardson of Duntisbourne, KG, MBE, TD, PC, DL (1915–2010) * John Desmond Cronin (1916–1986) * Charles Denman, 5th Baron Denman, MC (1916–2012) * Nigel Strutt, Sir Nigel Strutt, TD, DL (1916–2004) * George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, PC, FRS (1918–2007) * Alan Campbell (diplomat), Sir Alan Campbell (1919–2007) * Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener, TD, DL (1919–2011) * Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire (1920–2004) * Roy Jenkins, Roy Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead (1920–2003) * John Colvin (diplomat), John Colvin (1922–2003) * Oliver Millar, Sir Oliver Millar (1923–2007) * Christopher James, 5th Baron Northbourne, DL (1926–2019) * Alan Clark (1928–1999)Mrs. Thatcher's Minister The Private Diaries of Alan Clark, p. 9. * Richard Paniguian, Sir Richard Paniguian (1949–2017) * Sir Gavyn Farr Arthur, Lord Mayor of London (1951–2016)

References

Sources

* Edward Walford; ''Old and New London: Volume 4'', pp. 140–164; 1878 * F. H. W. Sheppard, ed.; ''Survey of London: volumes 29 and 30: St James Westminster, Part 1'', pp. 325–338; 1960 * Christopher Hibbert; ''London, the Biography of a City''; 1969; William Morrow, New York * Robert Phipps Dod; ''Parliamentary Companion'' (various editions)

External links

{{Liberal-aligned gentlemen's clubs of London 1764 establishments in England Gentlemen's clubs in London Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster Liberalism in the United Kingdom Regency London