British Establishment

In sociology and in political science, the term the establishment describes the dominant social group, the elite who control a polity, an organization, or an institution. In the praxis of wealth and power, the Establishment usually is a self-selecting, closed elite entrenched within specific institutions — hence, a relatively small social class can exercise all socio-political control.

In 1955, the journalist Henry Fairlie popularized the contemporary usage of the term ''The Establishment'' to denote the network of socially prominent and politically important people:

Consequently, the term ''the Establishment'' became common usage in the press of London; The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' cites Fairlie's column originating the British usages of the term ''the Establishment'', as in the established church denoting the official Church of England. Moreover, in sociologic jargon, an outsider is the person who is not a member of The Establishment.

Australia

The term ''establishment'' is often used in Australia to refer both to the main political parties and also to the powers behind those parties. In the book, ''Anti-political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis'' by Amir Abedi (2004), Amir Abedi refers to the Labor Party and the Coalition Parties (the Liberal Party and the National/Country Party) as the establishment parties.

Canada

The original Canadian Establishment began as a mix between the British and American models, combining political appointments and business acumen. In Francophone Canada, the local leaders of the Catholic Church played a major role. The Family Compact is the first identifiable Canadian Establishment in Anglophone Canada.

The journalist Peter C. Newman defined the modern Canadian Establishment in his 1975 book ''The Canadian Establishment''. It catalogued the richest individuals and families living in Canada at the time. All of the specific people he identified were prominent business leaders, especially in the media and in public transit. Newman reports that several of these old families have maintained their importance into the twenty-first century.

Hong Kong

The term is also used in politics of Hong Kong, where political parties, community groups, chambers of commerce, trade unions and individuals who are cooperative with and loyal to the Chinese Communist Party and the post-handover Hong Kong Government are labelled (most often self-labelled) "pro-Beijing" or " pro-establishment". The term first appeared in 2004.

Ireland

The term "Official Ireland" is commonly used in the Republic of Ireland to denote the media, cultural and religious establishment.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, the term "The Establishment" refers to the military and their relations with the intelligence community and high-level political officials that allow them to exert dominance over the government.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has numerous entrenched groups that are regarded as forming the establishment: these include the royal family, the aristocracy, the landed gentry, prestigious public schools like Eton College and Harrow School, the privy council, senior civil servants, lawyers, academics, Church of England clergy, financiers, industrialists, the armed services and other professionals.

United States

In the United States, the term ''the establishment'' typically refers to the two-party political system, in which the Republican Party and the Democratic Party are perceived as alike in their support of neoliberalism, defined by anti-labor and pro-federal policy, as well as vehement defense of corporate interests. This use can also refer to the original coinage of the term ''the Establishment'' in 1955, referring to the intricate matrix of power and connections among corporations, politicians, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and some social groups.

The overt exertion of the power of the establishment has significantly increased in the wake of Donald Trump's election as president in 2016, though it was a powerful force long before his election. A marked increase of political polarization, both perceived and actual, was noted under his election. This further increases power and reach through division. Within the two parties, the term has largely fallen out of use, except as a pejorative.

The term also refers to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), who constitute much of the social elites that have dominated historical American society, culture, and politics, enjoying education, voting rights, and land ownership. In the 1950s, the New Left criticised WASP hegemony of American society. Some prominent American families have held disproportionate wealth and wielded disproportionate political power over the decades. Experts talk about what C. Wright Mills called the "power elite", and about leadership communities in policy areas such as foreign policy.Priscilla Roberts, "'All the Right People': The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." ''Journal of American Studies'' 26.3 (1992): 409-434
online
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Traditionally, WASP and Protestant establishment families have been associated with Episcopal (or Anglican), Presbyterian, United Methodist, Congregationalist, and other mainline Protestant denominations.

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References

Further reading

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* Campbell, Fergus. ''The Irish Establishment 1879–1914'' (2009)
* Dogan, Mattéi, ''Elite configurations at the apex of power'' (2003)
* Hennessy, Peter. ''The great and the good: an inquiry into the British establishment'' (Policy Studies Institute, 1986)
* Jones, Owen. ''The Establishment – and how they get away with it'' (Penguin, 2015)
* Kauppi, N. and Madsen, M.R., eds. ''Transnational Power Elites: The New Professionals of Governance, Law and Security'' (Routledge, 2013)
online
* Page, E.C. ''People Who Run Europe'' (1997).
* Rovere, Richard. ''The American establishment and other reports, opinions, and speculations'' (1962), a famous spoof;
it is online
* Silk, Leonard Solomon and Mark Silk. ''American Establishment'' (1980)
* Valentine, C. ''The British Establishment, 1760-1784: An Eighteenth-Century Biographical Dictionary'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1970)
* Wodak, Ruth. "The “Establishment”, the “Élites”, and the “People”." ''Journal of Language and Politics'' 16.4 (2017): 551-565
online

{{DEFAULTSORT:Establishment
Sociolinguistics
Social groups
Political terminology
Oligarchy
Politics of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United States
Military science