Brig Thenphunga
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Brigadier Brigadier ( ) is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore (rank), commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several t ...
Ṭhenphunga Sailo,
AVSM Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, ) is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime ...
(1 January 1922 – 27 March 2015) was an Indian military officer and politician who served as the 2nd
Chief Minister of Mizoram The chief minister of Mizoram is the head of government, chief executive of the Indian state of Mizoram. As per the Constitution of India, the Governors of states of India, governor is a state's ''de jure'' head, but ''de facto'' executive autho ...
. He founded the
Mizoram People's Conference The Mizoram People's Conference is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. It was formed by Brig Thenphunga Sailo on 17 April 1975. Ṭhenphunga was the party chairman and Chief Minister of Mizoram from 1979 to 1984, and an army office ...
, one of the major political parties in Mizoram. He was a recipient of
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, ) is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime D ...
and Padma Shri for his military service and humanitarian works, and the Mizo Award for his lifetime achievements. Sailo was the son of Vanchheuva, a Mizo chief of Ṭhuampui village at Lunglei district. He studied at Serkawn Middle English School, Shillong High School (in
Meghalaya Meghalaya (; "the abode of clouds") is a states and union territories of India, state in northeast India. Its capital is Shillong. Meghalaya was formed on 21 January 1972 by carving out two districts from the Assam: the United Khasi Hills an ...
), and
Serampore College Serampore College is located in Serampore, in West Bengal, India. Established in 1818, it is the fourth oldest college in the country after Old Seminary, Kottayam (Established 1815), CMS College, Kottayam and Presidency College in Kolkata, a ...
in Calcutta (now
Kolkata Kolkata, also known as Calcutta ( its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary ...
). He earned his certificate of Intermediate of Science ( higher secondary level) from the
University of Calcutta The University of Calcutta, informally known as Calcutta University (), is a Public university, public State university (India), state university located in Kolkata, Calcutta (Kolkata), West Bengal, India. It has 151 affiliated undergraduate c ...
. He immediately joined the
British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...
to serve in
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. Recruited as a second lieutenant in 1942, he became the first military officer among the
Mizo people The Mizo people, historically called the Lushais, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group primarily from Mizoram in northeastern India. They speak Mizo, one of the state's official languages and its lingua franca. Beyond Mizoram, sizable Mizo commu ...
. He retired with the rank Brigadier in 1974. By then his native state was ravaged by political insurgency, and he soon set to humanitarian works and established the Human Right Committee, which he developed into a recognized political party named People's Conference (later renamed the
Mizo People's Conference The Mizoram People's Conference is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. It was formed by Brig Thenphunga Sailo on 17 April 1975. Ṭhenphunga was the party chairman and Chief Minister of Mizoram from 1979 to 1984, and an army officer a ...
) in 1975. Sailo led his new party to victory in the Mizoram Legislative Assembly election in 1978, and he became the second Chief Minister. Re-election the next year brought him another victory, and he remained the Chief Minister till 1984. Though he was elected for MLA seat in the 1984 election, his party was overwhelmed by the Mizoram Congress party (under the
Indian National Congress Party The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party, or simply the Congress, is a political parties in India, political party in India with deep roots in most regions of India. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first mo ...
). He was appointed the Opposition Leader in the legislative assembly. He was subsequently elected in 1998 and 2008, but failed to uplift his party. He retired from politics in 2013 at age 91, at which time he was the oldest elected legislator.


Early life and education

Sailo was born to Mizo Chief Vancheuva and his wife Hrangvungi. He completed his elementary schooling at Serkawn Middle School in Lunglei, and was the topper in the Middle School Leaving Certificate examination under the Mizoram Board of School Education. He then went on to High School in Shillong from 1937 to 1940, followed by higher secondary education in an Intermediate of Science program at
Serampore College Serampore College is located in Serampore, in West Bengal, India. Established in 1818, it is the fourth oldest college in the country after Old Seminary, Kottayam (Established 1815), CMS College, Kottayam and Presidency College in Kolkata, a ...
in 1941. The next year he earned his certificate under the
University of Calcutta The University of Calcutta, informally known as Calcutta University (), is a Public university, public State university (India), state university located in Kolkata, Calcutta (Kolkata), West Bengal, India. It has 151 affiliated undergraduate c ...
.


Military career

At the height of the Second World War in February 1942, Sailo applied for an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the
British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...
and was selected to join the
Indian Military Academy The Indian Military Academy (IMA) is one of the oldest military academies in India, and trains officers for the Indian Army. Located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, it was established in 1932 following a recommendation by a military committee set up ...
in
Dehradun Dehradun (), also known as Dehra Doon, is the winter capital and the List of cities in Uttarakhand by population, most populous city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous Dehradun district, d ...
. He received an emergency commission in November the same year and was posted to 2nd
Punjab Regiment Punjab Regiment may refer to the following existing units: *Punjab Regiment (India) *Punjab Regiment (Pakistan) From 1922 to 1947, the British Indian Army included 6 numbered Punjab Regiments: *1st Punjab Regiment * 2nd Punjab Regiment *8th Punj ...
at
Meerut Meerut (, ISO 15919, ISO: ''Mēraṭh'') is a city in the western region of the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Located in the Meerut district, it is northeast of the national capital, New Delhi, and is ...
. He became the first military officer among the Mizo people. He served in the
Burma campaign The Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of British rule in Burma, Burma as part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II. It primarily involved forces of the Allies of World War II, Allies (mainly from ...
in
WWII World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
and joined the
Lushai Brigade The Lushai Brigade was an improvised fighting formation of the British Indian Army which was formed during World War II. It participated in the Battle of Imphal and the Burma Campaign. History In March 1944, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded I ...
. He was commended for his bravery and was twice
mentioned in dispatches To be mentioned in dispatches (or despatches) describes a member of the armed forces whose name appears in an official report written by a superior officer and sent to the high command, in which their gallant or meritorious action in the face of t ...
. After the Independence of India, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1960, in 1963 he was again promoted to
colonel Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military Officer (armed forces), officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colon ...
, and then in 1966 to
brigadier Brigadier ( ) is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore (rank), commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several t ...
until his retirement in 1974.


Politics

After retiring from the Army, Sailo created the Human Rights Committee in 1974, fighting alleged Army excess against civilians caught in the separatist conflict between the
Indian Army The Indian Army (IA) (ISO 15919, ISO: ) is the Land warfare, land-based branch and largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief, Supreme Commander of the Indian Army, and its professional head ...
and
Mizo National Front The Mizo National Front ( MNF) is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. MNF emerged from the Mizo National Famine Front, which was formed by Pu Laldenga to protest against the inaction of the Government of India towards the famine situ ...
. He submitted a memorandum containing 36 cases of atrocities committed by the Indian Army since 1 March 1966. To fight his cause in the political arena, he founded the People's Conference party (later renamed
Mizo People's Conference The Mizoram People's Conference is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. It was formed by Brig Thenphunga Sailo on 17 April 1975. Ṭhenphunga was the party chairman and Chief Minister of Mizoram from 1979 to 1984, and an army officer a ...
) on 17 April 1975. He was arrested during the state of
National Emergency A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state before, during, o ...
under MISA, a period of massive crackdown on civil rights and political opposition. He spent 10 months in Nowgong special jail. His party won the
Mizoram Legislative Assembly The Mizoram Legislative Assembly is the unicameral state legislature of Mizoram in India. The seat of the Legislative Assembly is at Aizawl, the capital of the state. The Legislative Assembly is composed of 40 members, who are directly elected ...
election of 1978, and he became the second Chief Minister of Mizoram on 2 June 1978. Due to political unrest, his government was dissolved after six months in November 1978, and the Union Territory was declared under President's Rule. In the next election in 1979, his party won again and he once again became the Chief Minister, a post which he held for a full term till 1984. In the 1984 election, although he was elected in his constituency, his party was defeated by the
Indian National Congress The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party, or simply the Congress, is a political parties in India, political party in India with deep roots in most regions of India. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first mo ...
(
Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee (or Mizoram PCC) is the wing of Indian National Congress serving in Mizoram. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the state, as well as selecting candid ...
) led by
Lal Thanhawla Pu Lal Thanhawla (born 19 May 1938 or 1942) is an Indian politician and former List of chief ministers of Mizoram, Chief Minister of Mizoram, belonging to the Indian National Congress party. He holds the record for longest-serving Chief Ministe ...
. He became the Opposition Leader. His party received a serious blow with the Mizoram Peace Accord of 1987, as the
Mizo National Front The Mizo National Front ( MNF) is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. MNF emerged from the Mizo National Famine Front, which was formed by Pu Laldenga to protest against the inaction of the Government of India towards the famine situ ...
emerged not only as a new political party, but was also offered the government as part of the peace negotiation. He joined forces with
Lalduhoma Lalduhoma (alternatively spelled Lalduhawma; born 22 February 1949) is an Indian politician who serves as the 6th Chief Minister of Mizoram since 8 December 2023. Formerly an Indian Police Service officer, he resigned from the security service ...
, who had founded the Mizoram National Union, merging the two parties into Democratic Party. After failure in the 1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, they joined the national party
Janata Dal Janata Dal () was an List of political parties in India, Indian political party which was formed through the merger of Lok Dal, Indian National Congress (Jagjivan), and the Jan Morcha on 11 October 1988—the birth anniversary of Jayaprakash Na ...
. Sailo parted way from the mainstream Janata Dal to make coalition with the Congress party in the 1993 election. Sailo's party named themselves the Mizoram Janata Dal, but which was not recognised by the
Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established by Constitution of India, the Constitution of the Republic of India empowered to conduct free and fair elections in the Republic of India. It is headed by a Chief Ele ...
. Thus, his party members contested as independent candidates and managed to win eight seats that helped Lal Thanhawla of Congress to become the Chief Minister. After falling out with Congress party, Sailo changed its party to Mizoram People's Conference, to reflect its old name. In the 1998 elections, Sailo and his party supported the Mizo National Front, and made coalition government led by
Zoramthanga Zoramthanga (born 13 July 1944) is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Mizoram from 1998 to 2008 and 2018 to 2023. He is also the president of Mizo National Front (MNF) party. He represents the Aizawl East I constituency in the ...
of the Mizo National Front as the Chief Minister. Sailo was appointed Principal Advisor to the state government. His ministry also initiated the
Aizawl Aizawl (, American English, US: , British English, UK: ; Mizo language, Mizo: ), formerly known as Aijal, is the capital city and the most populous city of Mizoram, India. It is also the third largest city in northeast India. It is situated ato ...
city extension project,
Bairabi Dam Bairabi Dam is a proposed 80 MW dam on the Tlawng river near Bairabi Village in Kolasib district in the state of Mizoram in India. History Bairabi Hydel Project is a 120 MW project initiated by Brig Ṭhenphunga Sailo during Mizoram People's ...
, which he alleged was never pursued by successive governments. Sailo was elected again in the 2008 election, and as his last term as Member of the Legislative Assembly ended in January 2014, he retired. He announced his formal retirement at the assembly session on 24 July 2013. At age 92, he was allegedly the oldest elected member of any legislative body in the world.


Awards and honours

Sailo was given the military award
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM, ) is a military award of India given to recognize "distinguished service of an exceptional order" to all ranks of the armed forces. The award is a peacetime equivalent of Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal, which is a Wartime D ...
(AVSM) during his service. He was awarded the
Padma Shree The Padma Shri (IAST: ''padma śrī'', lit. 'Lotus Honour'), also spelled Padma Shree, is the fourth-highest Indian honours system, civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. In ...
in 1999 by the Government of India. In 2001 the
Mizo Zirlai Pawl Mizo Zirlai Pawl (lit. ''Mizo students' Association'') is a Mizo people, Mizo multinational student organization and apex students body based in Mizoram state, India. Established on 27 October 1935 in Shillong by Mizo earlier educated students ...
declared him a corruption-free politician in their public poll. In April 2011, the then-Governor of Mizoram, Lt. Gen.
Madan Mohan Lakhera Lt Gen () Madan Mohan Lakhera, PVSM, AVSM, VSM (born 21 October 1937) is the former Governor of the Indian state of Mizoram. He held that position from July 2006 until September 2011. During 2004–2006, he was the Lieutenant Governor of the ...
, awarded him the Mizo Award organised by Mizoram's ''
Vanglaini ''Vanglaini'' is a daily newspaper in Mizoram, northeast India, published in the Mizo language. It is registered with the Registrar of Newspapers for India (no. RNI 34227/79. : MZR/67/2012-2014). It is owned, edited, and published by K. Sapdang ...
'' daily newspaper.


Personal life and death

Sailo married Thansiami, daughter of Mizo folklorist P.S. Dahrawka, in 1946. They had three sons and a daughter. One of his sons, Lalsangliana, joined the Mizo rebels, the Mizo National Army (later Mizo National Front), on the sly while studying at St. Edmund's College, Shillong in 1966. He became one of the elite "Special Force" under
Laldenga Laldenga (11 June 1927 – 7 July 1990) was a Mizo separatist and politician from Mizoram in northeast India. He was the founder of the Mizo National Front, a social organisation turned political party. He was the first Chief Minister of Mizora ...
, leader of the Mizo National Front. Two of his children, Lalhmangaiha and Laldingliani joined the
Indian Revenue Service The Indian Revenue Service (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: ), often abbreviated as IRS, is a civil service that is primarily responsible for tax collection, collecting and administering Direct tax, direct and indir ...
. After retirement, Lalhmangaiha, succeeded his father as President of the Mizoram People's Conference in 2011. Sailo's daughter Laldingliani served as a member of the National Commission for Women (NCW) from 2013 to 2016. Sailo's son Lalrinliana studied medicine and orthopaedic surgery and became Director General of Health Service for the Government of Mizoram. Sailo wrote an autobiography of his military life, ''A Soldier's Story''. After suffering from lung problems and
hypertension Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a Chronic condition, long-term Disease, medical condition in which the blood pressure in the artery, arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms i ...
, on the morning of 27 March 2015, Sailo was taken to the New Life Hospital due to trouble breathing. He was pronounced dead at 11:50
IST #REDIRECT Ist {{redirect category shell, {{R from other capitalisation{{R from ambiguous page ...
. His funeral was held the next day at noon and he was interred at a private grave in his garden. President
Pranab Mukherjee Pranab Kumar Mukherjee ( ; born, 11 December 1935 – 31 August 2020) was an Indian statesman who served as the president of India from 2012 until 2017. He was the first person from West Bengal to hold the post of President of India. In a pol ...
and Prime Minister
Narendra Modi Narendra Damodardas Modi (born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician who has served as the Prime Minister of India, prime minister of India since 2014. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Par ...
sent messages of condolence.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sailo, Thenphunga 1922 births 2015 deaths People from Aizawl Mizo people Chief ministers of Mizoram British Indian Army officers Indian Army personnel of World War II Indian Army officers People from Lunglei district Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni University of Calcutta alumni Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work 20th-century Indian politicians Mizoram MLAs 1978–1979 Mizoram MLAs 1998–2003