Brazzaville (, kg, Kintamo, Nkuna, Kintambo, Ntamo, Mavula, Tandala, Mfwa, Mfua; Teke: ''M'fa'', ''Mfaa'', ''Mfa'', ''Mfoa''Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 60) is the

capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used fo ...

and largest city of the Republic of the Congo (Congo Republic). Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the

Congo River The Congo River ( kg, Nzâdi Kôngo, french: Fleuve Congo, pt, Rio Congo), formerly also known as the Zaire River, is the second longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge ...

, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the

Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...

(DR Congo). The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 1.8 million residents, comprising more than a third of the national populace. Some 40% are employed in non-agricultural professions. During

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, Brazzaville was also the capital of

Free France Free France (french: France Libre) was a political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic. Led by French general , Free France was established as a government-in-exil ...

between 1940 and 1942. In 2013, Brazzaville was designated a City of Music by

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. I ...

; since then it has also been a member of the

Creative Cities Network The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) is a project of UNESCO launched in 2004 to promote cooperation among cities which recognized creativity as a major factor in their urban development. brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Brazzaville covers a large area to the north of the

, just below the

Pool Malebo The Pool Malebo, formerly Stanley Pool, also known as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda or Lake Nkuna by local indigenous people in pre-colonial times, is a lake-like widening in the lower reaches of the Congo River.

. Mbamu, a large island within the Pool, is part of the Republic of Congo's territory. Brazzaville is inland from the Atlantic Ocean and approximately south of the

equator The equator is a circle of latitude, about in circumference, that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, halfway between the North and South poles. The term can al ...

. The city is a commune that is separated from the other

regions In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...

of the republic; it is surrounded by the Pool Department. Around the city are large plains. The town is relatively flat, and situated at an altitude of . Downriver the Congo has numerous rapids, known as Livingston Falls, preventing navigation upriver to this point from its mouth at the Atlantic. Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is located on the southern bank of the Congo, directly across from Brazzaville. To distinguish between the two African countries that have "Congo" in their names, the Republic of the Congo is sometimes called Congo-Brazzaville, as opposed to Congo-Kinshasa. Kinshasa is more than five times larger than Brazzaville in population. This is the only place in the world where two national capital cities developed on opposite banks of a river, within sight of each other. In March 2018, the "Brazzaville Declaration" was signed to promote better management and conservation of the Cuvette Centrale, a region in

Congo Basin The Congo Basin (french: Bassin du Congo) is the sedimentary basin of the Congo River. The Congo Basin is located in Central Africa, in a region known as west equatorial Africa. The Congo Basin region is sometimes known simply as the Congo. It c ...

and primarily in DRC. It is the world's largest tropical

peatland A mire, peatland, or quagmire is a wetland area dominated by living peat-forming plants. Mires arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, due to water-logging and subsequent anoxia. All types o ...

, made up of swamp forests. Conservation of this area is important for the survival of megafauna, and also critical to the world's climate. Burning the peat would release too much carbon and raise the earth's temperature. The declaration to save peatlands as the world's largest terrestrial organic carbon stock was signed by

, the Republic of the Congo, and

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

, which also has peatlands.

History

Brazzaville was founded by the

French colonial empire The French colonial empire () comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire", that exis ...

upon an existing indigenous Bateke settlement called Ncuna, during the

Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa, or Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known as New Imperialism ( ...

when European nations established spheres of influence on the continent. The Italian-born explorer

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà, later known as Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de Brazza; 26 January 1852 – 14 September 1905), was an Italian-born, naturalized French explorer. With his family's financial help, he explored the Ogoou ...

, who was granted French citizenship in 1874, officially founded the settlement on 10 September 1880; it commemorates his name. The local

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the ...

, Makoko of the Téké, signed a treaty of protection with de Brazza, which subjugated his lands to the French Empire. From October 1880 until May 1882, a small squad of troops led by Senegalese Sergeant

Malamine Camara Malamine Camara (died in 1886) was a Senegalese sergeant in the French colonial army, and a key figure in the extension of French colonial rule in the Congo Basin. Career Camara was born in the Senegalese interior, though his exact date and pl ...

occupied the site, in order to prevent the land from falling into Belgian hands. Their forces were active on the south side of the river, where King Leopold II ruled the Belgian Congo for a period as a private holding. The first large-scale building work of the city began four years later, as the French competed with

Léopoldville Kinshasa (; ; ln, Kinsásá), formerly Léopoldville ( nl, Leopoldstad), is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Once a site of fishing and trading villages situated along the Congo River, Kinshasa is now one ...

(now Kinshasa) which Belgian colonists were developing on the south side of the river. The

Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, also known as the Congo Conference (, ) or West Africa Conference (, ), regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergen ...

of 1884 placed French control over this area on an official footing. The city became the capital of the

French Congo The French Congo (french: Congo français) or Middle Congo (french: Moyen-Congo) was a French Third Republic, French list of French possessions and colonies, colony which at one time comprised the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo a ...

in 1904. It continued as capital when

French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa (french: link=no, Afrique-Équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial empire, French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, ...

was founded in 1910, as a federation of French colonial states: it included

Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north ...

, the

Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR; ; , RCA; , or , ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the C ...

, and

Chad Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Repub ...

until 1960. From 1910 to 1915 the major municipal buildings were constructed, including a courthouse and headquarters for the Banque de l'AEF and Institut Pasteur.Jean-Jacques Youlou & Scholastique Dianzinga, "Une capitale dans l'histoire"; Chapter 1 in ''Ziavoula'' (2006). In 1934 the

Congo–Ocean Railway The Congo–Ocean Railway (COR; french: Chemin de fer Congo-Océan, ) links the Atlantic port of Pointe-Noire (now in the Republic of Congo) with Brazzaville, a distance of . It bypasses the rapids on the lower Congo River; from Brazzaville, ri ...

opened, linking Brazzaville with the Atlantic port of

Pointe-Noire Pointe-Noire (; kg, Njinji, french: Ndjindji with the letter d following French spelling standards) is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department since 2004. Befor ...

and bypassing the rapids on the Congo River. Construction of the railway resulted in the deaths of more than 17,000 Africans, and the people revolted against the French in 1928. During World War II Brazzaville and the rest of

remained beyond the control of

Vichy France Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the Fascism, fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of ...

, which served the Nazi occupation. The city served as the capital of ''

France Libre Free France (french: France Libre) was a political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic. Led by French general , Free France was established as a government-in-exil ...

'' from 1940 to 1943. In 1944, Brazzaville hosted a meeting of the

French resistance The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...

forces and representatives of France's African colonies. The resulting Brazzaville Declaration represented an attempt to redefine the relationship between France and its African colonies. Until the 1960s, the city was divided into European (the centre of the city) and African sections ( Poto-Poto, Bacongo, and Makélékélé). In 1980 it became a " commune," separated from the surrounding

Pool Department Pool ( kg, Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu) is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southeastern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Lékoumou, and Plateaux. Internationally, it borders the Democratic Republic o ...

and divided into nine "arrondissements" (boroughs) along the French model of administration. Since the late 20th century, the city has frequently been a staging ground for wars, including internal conflicts between rebel and government forces. It has been a base of conflicts between forces of the Republic of the Congo, the

(DRC), and

Angola , national_anthem = "Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

. During the 1990s, civil wars resulted in thousands of civilian deaths here and forced hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee the city. More recently thousands of people leaving the DRC have made their way to Brazzaville; the local United Nations force and the DRC government have accused the city of deporting thousands of these refugees. In April 2016 fighting occurred between police and local militia units, with at least 18 people killed.

Demographics

As of the 2007 census, the city had a population of 1.37 million. The projection of the CNSEE (national statistics centre) estimated an increase to 1.7 million by 2015, but the projection was made before 2007 and was based on a lower estimate of the population (1.26 million) than that recorded in the census. The United Nations Population Division estimate for 2014 is 1.83 million. Kinshasa, DRC, had more than 10 million inhabitants in 2014. Together with Kinshasa, the combined conurbation of Kinshasa-Brazzaville has about 12 million inhabitants. Significant political and infrastructure challenges prevent the two cities from functioning with any meaningful connection. Since the mid-19th century, the two cities have been rivals in trade, sports and power. There have been proposals to connect the two capitals by a

Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge The Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge is a proposed road-rail bridge construction project over the Congo River that will connect the Republic of the Congo to the Democratic Republic of the Congo at their respective capitals, Brazzaville and Kinsha ...

. In 2018, with relative peace re-established in the region, the

African Development Bank The African Development Bank Group (AfDB) or (BAD) is a development finance institution, multilateral development finance institution headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, since September 2014. The AfDB is a financial provider to African gove ...

and Africa50 signed a deal with both governments to develop the project.

Government

Brazzaville, like Pointe-Noire, has the status of both a commune (municipality) and a department. It is governed by a municipal council and a departmental council. The mayor is the president of the municipal council. The city is divided into nine ''

arrondissement An arrondissement (, , ) is any of various administrative divisions of France, Belgium, Haiti, certain other Francophone countries, as well as the Netherlands. Europe France The 101 French departments are divided into 342 ''arrondissements'' ...

s'' (boroughs): # Bacongo
Djiri
# Madibou # Makélékélé # Mfilou #

Moungali Moungali is one of the arrondissements of Brazzaville, capital of Republic of Congo The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo, ln, Republíki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Co ...

Ouenzé Ouenzé is one of the arrondissements of Brazzaville, capital of Republic of Congo. It is located in the north of the capital. Brazzaville is divided into seven arrondissements, or districts: Makélékélé (1), Bacongo (2), Poto-Poto (3), Mounga ...

# Poto-Poto #

Talangaï Talangaï is one of the arrondissements of Brazzaville, capital of Republic of Congo The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo, ln, Republíki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Co ...

Economy

The location of Brazzaville near the pool of the Congo River enabled it to grow as an industrial, trading and port settlement. It was connected through trade by ships and boats traveling upriver to inland areas, which produced raw materials from the beginning of the colonial period. Construction of the railway connecting to

increased the ability of city businessmen to get their products to the port for export. Industries present in Brazzaville include machine shops,

textile Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not t ...

tanning Tanning may refer to: * Tanning (leather), treating animal skins to produce leather * Sun tanning, using the sun to darken pale skin ** Indoor tanning, the use of artificial light in place of the sun ** Sunless tanning, application of a stain or d ...

, and

manufacturing Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to a ...

. As a key port on the

, Brazzaville still takes deliveries of raw materials, such as

rubber Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, ''caucho'', or ''caoutchouc'', as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. Thailand, Malaysia, a ...

wood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of ligni ...

, and

agricultural product Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...

s. From here they are generally sent onward to

for export. Many companies, government organizations and

NGO A non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-governmental organisation (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government. They are typically nonprofit entities, and many of them are active in ...

s have regional offices in the capital city, where they can work with government officials. The

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level o ...

has its regional office for Africa located in Brazzaville. Companies headquartered in Brazzaville include

Equatorial Congo Airlines Equatorial Congo Airlines SA, operating as ECAir, was an airline headquartered in Brazzaville; it was the flag carrier of the Republic of the Congo. The airline suspended all operations on 10 October 2016. History ECAir was created with the sup ...

and the mobile operator

Warid Congo Warid Congo SA was a GSM based mobile operator in the Republic of the Congo before its acquisition by Indian telecom company Airtel. It launched commercial operations on March 14, 2008. Warid Congo is a joint venture between Warid Telecom Inte ...

Culture

Roger Erell, a highly regarded architect, also designed a house in the city for Charles de Gaulle when he was the leader of Free France here. Other buildings include the Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza Mausoleum, the Nabemba Tower, and the Congressional Palace (Brazzaville). The

Marien Ngouabi Marien Ngouabi (or N'Gouabi) (December 31, 1938 – March 18, 1977) was the third President of the Republic of the Congo from January 1, 1969, to March 18, 1977. Biography Origins Marien Ngouabi was born in 1938 at the village of Ombellé, ...

Mausoleum,

Brazzaville Zoo The Brazzaville Zoo is a zoo located in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. It has been in existence since at least 1944, as this is the most widely accepted date of assembly. They are known to be a very unsanitary zoo, and have extremely low ...

, and the Poto-Poto School of Painting are also destinations for visitors and city residents.

Places of worship

Many Congolese converted to Catholicism during the French colonial period.

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

churches are most prevalent in the city, where the Roman Catholic Church has an

archdiocese In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...

. Since then, churches have been established by new immigrants and by local adoption of evangelical Protestantism. Examples include the

Basilica of Sainte-Anne-du-Congo in Brazzaville The Basilica of Sainte-Anne-du-Congo (French: Basilique Sainte-Anne-du-Congo) is a monumental catholic church in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. Construction The church was completed in 1943. The architect was Roger Erell Roger Erell ( ...

, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Brazzaville and Gabon ( Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa), Evangelical Church of Congo (

World Communion of Reformed Churches The World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC) is the largest association of Calvinist churches in the world. It has 230 member denominations in 108 countries, together claiming an estimated 80 million people, thus being the fourth-largest Chris ...

), and

Assemblies of God The Assemblies of God (AG), officially the World Assemblies of God Fellowship, is a group of over 144 autonomous self-governing national groupings of churches that together form the world's largest Pentecostal denomination."Assemblies of God". ...

Education

Université Marien-Ngouabi - Faculté de droit

The

Marien Ngouabi University Marien Ngouabi University (French: ''Université Marien Ngouabi'', UMNG) is the only state-funded university in the Republic of Congo. It is located in the capital of Brazzaville. History The University of Brazzaville was founded on 4 December 197 ...

is a public

university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', which ...

in Brazzaville, named after a former leader. The university was founded in December 1971 after independence. Today it has approximately 26,000 students. International schools: *

Lycée Français Saint-Exupéry de Brazzaville Lycée Français Saint-Exupery de Brazzaville (est. 1971) is a French international school in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. It serves levels ''maternelle'' (preschool) through ''lycée'' (senior high school).tropical wet and dry climate Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories ''Aw'' (for a dry winter) and ''As'' (for a dry summer). The driest month has less than of p ...

. Its wet season, which runs from October–May, is longer than its dry season, which covers the remaining months. Brazzaville's driest months, July and August, on average have no significant precipitation. Since Brazzaville is south of the equator, its dry season begins at around its "winter" solstice, which is the month of June. The city has relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year.

Transport

The city is home to Maya-Maya Airport, which lies in the centre of the city and which has regular flights to

as well as international destinations in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. A flight operates twice weekly between Brazzaville and Kinshasa, but the flight time is only five minutes. The Congo-Ocean Railway has a station in the city and in 2014 was operating the ''La Gazelle'' train service every other day to

and intermediate destinations. The city is an important

river port An inland port is a port on an inland waterway, such as a river, lake, or canal, which may or may not be connected to the sea. The term "inland port" is also used to refer to a dry port. Examples The United States Army Corps of Engineers pu ...

, with

ferries A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi ...

sailing to Kinshasa and to

Bangui Bangui () (or Bangî in Sango, formerly written Bangi in English) is the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic. It was established as a French outpost in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi ...

via

Impfondo Impfondo is a town in the northeastern Republic of the Congo with a population of around 41,000 people, lying on the Oubangui River. It is home to an airport and is linked by river barge to Brazzaville and to Bangui. It is the administrative ce ...

. Ferries and fast private boats serve as the primary means of connection between Kinshasa and Brazzaville. The

Livingstone Falls Livingstone Falls (French: ''Chutes Livingstone''; Dutch: ''Livingstonewatervallen''), named for British explorer David Livingstone, are a succession of enormous rapids on the lower course of the Congo River in west equatorial Africa, down ...

lie on the outskirts of the city, where the Djoué River meets the Congo, rendering river transport to the coast impossible, qualifying the railway as a

portage railway A portage railway is a short and possibly isolated section of railway used to bypass a section of unnavigable river or between two water bodies which are not directly connected. Cargo from waterborne vessels is unloaded, loaded onto conventional ...

. Although there is no organised public transport system, privately owned buses are available in the capital. Taxis are available on every street and are easily recognized, being painted with a green body and white top, and the fare for a short trip is CF700. About twenty percent of the vehicles in Brazzaville are taxis. There are also collective taxis that drive certain routes and charge CF150. A road-rail bridge is proposed to connect Brazzaville with Kinshasa. The rail gauge on both sides is the same at 1067mm.

Notable people

Ali Bongo - allocution du 21 mars 2020 (cropped)

(1852–1905), eponymous founder. *

Prosper Philippe Augouard Philippe Augouard in 1871, as a Papal Zouave Prosper Philippe Augouard , C.S.Sp. (17 September 1852 – 3 October 1921) was a French Catholic priest, missionary, and explorer of Africa. Early life Augouard was born 17 September 1852 in Poit ...

, (1852–1921) French Catholic priest, missionary and explorer, settled Brazzaville in 1887. *

Ambroise Noumazalaye Ambroise Édouard Noumazalaye (September 23, 1933Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga, ''Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique'' (1997), Karthala Editions, page 442.November 17, 2007 Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville, 1966 to 1968 *

Jean Serge Essous Jean Serge Essous (born 1935 Brazzaville - died November 25, 2009 in Brazzaville ) was a Congolese saxophonist The saxophone (often referred to colloquially as the sax) is a type of Single-reed instrument, single-reed woodwind instrument with a ...

(1935-2009) a Congolese saxophonist & clarinetist *

Emmanuel Dongala Emmanuel Boundzéki Dongala (born 1941) is a Congolese chemist and novelist. He was born in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, in 1941. He was Richard B. Fisher Chair in Natural Sciences at Bard College at Simon's Rock until 2014. As a chemist, his ...

(born 1941) a Congolese chemist and novelist. * Patience Dabany (born 1941) singer, musician and

First Lady of Gabon First Lady or First Gentleman of Gabon is the title held by the spouse of the president of Gabon. The current first lady is Sylvia Bongo Ondimba, who has held the office since 2009. First ladies of Gabon References {{First Ladies and Gentl ...

, 1967 to 1987. * Antoinette Sassou Nguesso (born 1945) First Lady of the Republic of the Congo since 1997 * Aurlus Mabélé (1953–2020) a Congolese singer and composer. *

Charles Richard Mondjo Charles Richard Mondjo (born 28 January 1954) is a Congolese military officer who has served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Defense since 2012. Previously he was Chief of Staff of the Congolese Armed Forces from 2002 to 20 ...

(born 1954) Chief of Staff of the Congo Armed Forces, 2002 to 2012. *

Dominique Ntsiété Dominique Ntsiété (25 January 1940 – 9 July 2012Parfait-Wilfried Douniama"Disparition : le Parlement rend un dernier hommage à Dominique Ntsiété" ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 21 July 2012 .) was a Congolese politician. A member o ...

(1940-2012), senator *

Ali Bongo Ondimba Ali Bongo Ondimba (born Alain Bernard Bongo; 9 February 1959),"Bongo Ali", ''Gabon: Les hommes de pouvoir'', number 4Africa Intelligence 5 March 2002 . sometimes known as Ali Bongo, is a Gabonese politician who has been the third president of Ga ...

(born 1959), Gabonese politician, 3rd

President of Gabon The president of Gabon is the head of state of Gabon. A total of three people have served as president (not counting two acting presidents) since the post was formed in 1960. Description of the office Election The president of the republic is ...

since 2009. *

Alain Akouala Atipault Alain Akouala Atipault (born 1959"Who's Who", ''Congo Brazzaville: Les Hommes de Pouvoir'', number 1Africa Intelligence 29 October 2002 .) is a Congolese politician who served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Communication from ...

(born 1959) politician and government Minister. * Frédéric Bintsamou (born 1964) a Protestant clergyman and leader of the "semi-religious" rebel group The Ninjas *

Bill Kouélany Bill Kouélany (born 31 October 1965 in Brazzaville) is a Congolese artist, writer and set designer. In 2007, she participated in ''documenta 12'' in Kassel with a multimedia art installation. She lives in Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic ...

(born 1965) a Congolese artist, writer and set designer. *

Alain Mabanckou Alain Mabanckou (born 24 February 1966) is a novelist, journalist, poet, and academic, a French citizen born in the Republic of the Congo, he is currently a Professor of Literature at UCLA. He is best known for his novels and non-fiction writing ...

(born 1966) novelist, journalist, poet and academic * Cyril Kongo (born 1969), a French painter and graffiti artist, lived in Brazzaville in the 80s. * Dominique Tchimbakala (born 1977) journalist and TV presenter, news anchor for

TV5Monde TV5Monde (), formerly known as TV5, is a French public television network, broadcasting several channels of French-language programming. It is an approved participant member of the European Broadcasting Union. The network is available across ...

. *

Gaitana {{confusing, date=May 2014 Gaitana, also known as Guaitipan, is referred to as La Gaitana and Cacica Gaitana, was a 16th-century Yalcon '' cacica'' from the region of Timaná, Huila, a leader who, in 1539–40, led the indigenous people of the ...

(born 1979),

Ukrainian Ukrainian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Ukraine * Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe * Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine * Som ...

singer who lived in Brazzaville for five years.

Sport

* André Merlin (1911–1960) a French tennis player. * François M'Pelé (born 1947) a former footballer with 521 club caps and 9 for Congo *

Rolf-Christel Guié-Mien Rolf-Christel Guié-Mien (born 28 October 1977) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Club career Born in Brazzaville, Guié-Mien began his career at top-division AS Inter Brazzaville in the Congolese capital ...

(born 1977) former footballer with 338 club caps and 26 for Congo *

Oscar Ewolo Oscar Ewolo (born 9 October 1978) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent his career in France. Career Ewolo was born in Brazzaville. He signed for Brest from FC Lorient on 15 July 2009. and in July 20 ...

(born 1978) former footballer with 374 club caps and 38 for Congo *

Lorène Bazolo Lorène Dorcas Bazolo (born 4 May 1983) is a Congolese-Portuguese track and field athlete from Brazzaville. She is the Congolese national record holder in the 100 metres, with a time of 11.39 seconds. She was the congolese flag bearer at the 2012 ...

(born 1983) track and field athlete, Congolese flag bearer at the 2012 Summer Olympics * Ladislas Douniama (born 1986) former footballer with over 250 club caps and 28 for Congo * Pamela Mouele-Mboussi (born 1988) long and triple jumper, national flag carrier at the 2008 Summer Olympics *

Serge Ibaka Serge Jonás Ibaka Ngobila (; born 18 September 1989) is a Congolese-Spanish professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Ibaka was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 24th over ...

(born 1989), professional basketball player * Férébory Doré (born 1989) footballer with over 200 club caps and 37 for Congo

Twin towns and sister cities

Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

Weihai Weihai (), formerly called Weihaiwei (), is a prefecture-level city and major seaport in easternmost Shandong province. It borders Yantai to the west and the Yellow Sea to the east, and is the closest Chinese city to South Korea. Weihai's popul ...

, China * Kinshasa,

Notes

References

Bibliography

*Ziavoula, Robert Edmond, ed. (2006). ''Brazzaville, une ville à reconstruire''. Paris: Karthala. .

Notes

*Chavannes, Charles de. (1929) "Le Sergent Sénégalais Malamine." ''Annales de l'Académie des Sciences Coloniales'', vol. 3:159–187. *Petringa, Maria. (2006) ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006) *Tiepolo, M. (1996) "City Profile: Brazzaville" in ''Cities'' v. 13, pp. 117–124 *Brisset-Guibert, Hervé (2007) ''Brazzaville petit guide historique'', in the site www.presidence.cg ("palais presidentiel") *Cultural reference: In the final scene of the 1942 film, Casablanca, it is to Brazzaville that Captain Renault (Claude Rains) suggests he and Rick (Humphrey Bogart) might escape to together for "vacation" and, as Rick counters, "the beginning of a beautiful friendship." *

External links

FUSION CITIES, consolidation of movement
urban analysis seminar with vectorised maps of the agglomeration by TU Darmstadt, 2009

describing events leading to the founding of Brazzaville * {{Authority control Populated places in the Republic of the Congo Capitals in Africa Communities on the Congo River Populated places established in 1883 Departments of the Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo border crossings 1883 establishments in French Congo

History

Demographics

Government

Economy

Culture

Places of worship

Education

Transport

Notable people

Sport

Twin towns and sister cities

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Notes

External links