The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an
order of flowering plants, belonging to the
malvid group of
eudicotyledons under the
APG IV system. Well-known members of Brassicales include
cabbage,
cauliflower,
Brussels sprout,
broccoli
Broccoli (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''italica'') is an edible green plant in the Brassicaceae, cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus ''Brassica'') whose large Pseudanthium, flowering head, plant stem, stalk and small associated leafy gre ...
,
kale,
mustard,
turnip,
bok choy,
rapeseed,
radish,
horseradish
Horseradish (''Armoracia rusticana'', syn. ''Cochlearia armoracia'') is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes Mustard plant, mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage, and radish). It is a root vegetable, cultivated and us ...
,
caper,
papaya,
moringa or drumstick tree,
mignonette,
nasturtium, and
arabidopsis.
One character common to many members of the order is the production of
isothiocyanate
In organic chemistry, isothiocyanate is a functional group as found in compounds with the formula . Isothiocyanates are the more common isomers of thiocyanates, which have the formula .
Occurrence
Many isothiocyanates from plants are produce ...
(mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority).
The order typically contains the following families:
*
Akaniaceae – two species of turnipwood trees, native to Asia and eastern Australia
*
Bataceae – salt-tolerant shrubs from America and
Australasia
Australasia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising Australia, New Zealand (overlapping with Polynesia), and sometimes including New Guinea and surrounding islands (overlapping with Melanesia). The term is used in a number of different context ...
*
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...
–
mustard and
cabbage family; may include the
Cleomaceae
*
Capparaceae –
caper family, sometimes included in
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...
*
Caricaceae –
papaya family
*
Cleomaceae
*
Emblingiaceae
*
Gyrostemonaceae – several genera of small shrubs and trees endemic to temperate parts of Australia
*
Koeberliniaceae – one species of thorn bush native to Mexico and the US Southwest
*
Limnanthaceae –
meadowfoam family
*
Moringaceae – thirteen species of trees from Africa and India including the
drumstick
*
Pentadiplandraceae – African species whose berries have two highly sweet tasting proteins
*
Resedaceae –
mignonette family
*
Salvadoraceae – three genera found from Africa to Java
*
Setchellanthaceae
*
Tiganophytaceae
*
Tovariaceae
''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa''. The genus is the only one in the family Tovariaceae.
References
* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...
*
Tropaeolaceae –
nasturtium family
Classification
The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the Brassicales families along with their estimated ages, based on a 2018 study of
plastid DNA:
On 20 April 2020, a newly described monotypic species from
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...
, namely, ''Tiganophyton karasense'' is placed under this order as a monotypic member of new family
Tiganophytaceae, which is closely related to
Bataceae,
Salvadoraceae and
Koeberliniaceae.
Historic classifications
Under the
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...
, the Brassicales were called the Capparales, and included among the "
Dilleniidae". The only families included were the
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...
and
Capparaceae (treated as separate families), the
Tovariaceae
''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa''. The genus is the only one in the family Tovariaceae.
References
* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...
,
Resedaceae, and
Moringaceae. Other taxa now included here were placed in various other orders.
The families Capparaceae and Brassicaceae are closely related. One group, consisting of ''
Cleome'' and related genera, was traditionally included in the Capparaceae but doing so results in a
paraphyletic
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...
Capparaceae.
Therefore, this group is generally now either included in the Brassicaceae or as its own family,
Cleomaceae.
Gallery of type genera
Akania bidwillii leaves.jpg , '' Akania bidwillii'' (turnipwood family) , alt="foliage"
Batis maritima male.jpg , '' Batis maritima'' (turtleweed family) , alt="flowers and foliage"
Cabbage fertilized with compost and urine (15470416069).jpg , ''Brassica oleracea
''Brassica oleracea'', also known as wild cabbage in its uncultivated form, is a plant of the family Brassicaceae. The species originated from feral populations of related plants in the Eastern Mediterranean, where it was most likely first cultiv ...
'' (cabbage family) , alt="foliage"
Kappari01.jpg , '' Capparis spinosa'' (caper family) , alt="flowers and foliage"
Carica papaya 005.JPG , '' Carica papaya'' (papaya family) , alt="fruit and foliage"
Cleome (Spider Flower) in Gavi.jpg , '' Cleome hassleriana'' (spiderflower family) , alt="flowers and foliage"
Emblingia calceoliflora.jpg , '' Emblingia calceoliflora'' (slippercreeper family) , alt="botanical illustration"
Gyrostemon ramulosis habitus.jpg , '' Gyrostemon ramulosis'' (buttoncreeper family) , alt="tree"
Koeberlinia spinosa, the Crucifixion Thorn (10584228396).jpg , '' Koeberlinia spinosa'' (allthorn family) , alt="flowers"
Limnanthes douglasii flowers.JPG , '' Limnanthes douglasii'' (meadowfoam family) , alt="flowers"
辣木 Moringa oleifera -新加坡植物園 Singapore Botanic Gardens- (9237473791).jpg , '' Moringa oleifera'' (horseradish-tree family) , alt="flowers"
Pentadiplandra etching 1909.jpg , '' Pentadiplandra brazzeana'' (oubli family) , alt="botanical illustration"
Reseda lutea RHu.JPG , ''Reseda lutea
''Reseda lutea'', the yellow mignonette or wild mignonette, is a species of fragrant herbaceous flowering plant. Its leaves and flowers have been used to make a yellow dye called "weld" since the first millennium BC, although the related plant ' ...
'' (mignonette family) , alt="flowers"
Salvadora persica kz04.jpg , '' Salvadora persica'' (toothbrush-tree family) , alt="flowers"
Tovaria pendula 03.jpg , '' Tovaria pendula'' (stinkbush family) , alt="flowers, fruit and foliage"
Nasturtium-Tropaeolum.jpg , '' Tropaeolum majus'' (nasturtium family) , alt="flowers"
Setchellanthaceae is sometimes known as the azulita family.
References
External links
*
{{Authority control
Angiosperm orders