The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

of flowering plants, belonging to the

malvid The malvids consist of eight orders of flowering plants: Brassicales, Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Huerteales, Malvales, Myrtales, Picramniales and Sapindales. This subgroup of the rosids is divided into 59 families of trees, shrubs, vines and ...

group of

eudicotyledon The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

s under the

APG IV The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published ...

system. Well-known members of Brassicales include

cabbage Cabbage, comprising several cultivars of '' Brassica oleracea'', is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. It is descended from the wild cabbage ( ''B.& ...

cauliflower Cauliflower is one of several vegetables cultivated from the species '' Brassica oleracea'' in the genus '' Brassica'', which is in the Brassicaceae (or mustard) family. Cauliflower usually grows with one main stem that carries a large, rou ...

Brussels sprout The Brussels sprout is a member of the Gemmifera cultivar group of cabbages (''Brassica oleracea''), grown for its edible buds. Etymology Though native to the Mediterranean region with other cabbage species, Brussels sprouts first appeared i ...

broccoli Broccoli (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''italica'') is an edible green plant in the Brassicaceae, cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus ''Brassica'') whose large Pseudanthium, flowering head, plant stem, stalk and small associated leafy gre ...

kale Kale (), also called leaf cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'') cultivars primarily grown for their Leaf vegetable, edible leaves; it has also been used as an ornamental plant. Its multiple different cultivars vary quite ...

mustard Mustard may refer to: Food and plants * Mustard (condiment), a paste or sauce made from mustard seeds used as a condiment * Mustard plant, one of several plants, having seeds that are used for the condiment ** Mustard seed, small, round seeds of ...

turnip The turnip or white turnip ('' Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''rapa'') is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties a ...

bok choy Bok choy (American English, Canadian English, and Australian English), pak choi (British English, South African English, and Caribbean English) or pok choi is a type of Chinese cabbage ('' Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''chinensis'') cultivated as a le ...

rapeseed Rapeseed (''Brassica napus'' subsp. ''napus''), also known as rape and oilseed rape and canola, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturall ...

radish The radish (''Raphanus sativus'') is a flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. Its large taproot is commonly used as a root vegetable, although the entire plant is edible and its leaves are sometimes used as a leaf vegetable. Origina ...

horseradish Horseradish (''Armoracia rusticana'', syn. ''Cochlearia armoracia'') is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes Mustard plant, mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage, and radish). It is a root vegetable, cultivated and us ...

caper ''Capparis spinosa'', the caper bush, also called Flinders rose, is a perennial plant that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers. The taxonomic status of the species is controversial and unsettled. Species with ...

papaya The papaya (, ), papaw, () or pawpaw () is the plant species ''Carica papaya'', one of the 21 accepted species in the genus '' Carica'' of the family Caricaceae, and also the name of its fruit. It was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, within ...

, moringa or drumstick tree, mignonette, nasturtium, and

arabidopsis ''Arabidopsis'' (rockcress) is a genus in the family Brassicaceae. They are small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard. This genus is of great interest since it contains thale cress (''Arabidopsis thaliana''), one of the model organ ...

. One character common to many members of the order is the production of

isothiocyanate In organic chemistry, isothiocyanate is a functional group as found in compounds with the formula . Isothiocyanates are the more common isomers of thiocyanates, which have the formula . Occurrence Many isothiocyanates from plants are produce ...

(mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority). The order typically contains the following families: * Akaniaceae – two species of turnipwood trees, native to Asia and eastern Australia * Bataceae – salt-tolerant shrubs from America and

Australasia Australasia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising Australia, New Zealand (overlapping with Polynesia), and sometimes including New Guinea and surrounding islands (overlapping with Melanesia). The term is used in a number of different context ...

Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...

–

and

family; may include the

Cleomaceae The Cleomaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, comprising about 220 species in two genera, '' Cleome'' and '' Cleomella''. These genera were previously included in the family Capparaceae, but were raised to a dis ...

Capparaceae The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 15 genera and about 430 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about 1 ...

–

family, sometimes included in

Caricaceae The Caricaceae are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found primarily in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are usually short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small to medium-sized trees growin ...

–

family *

* Emblingiaceae * Gyrostemonaceae – several genera of small shrubs and trees endemic to temperate parts of Australia * Koeberliniaceae – one species of thorn bush native to Mexico and the US Southwest * Limnanthaceae – meadowfoam family * Moringaceae – thirteen species of trees from Africa and India including the drumstick * Pentadiplandraceae – African species whose berries have two highly sweet tasting proteins * Resedaceae – mignonette family * Salvadoraceae – three genera found from Africa to Java * Setchellanthaceae *

Tiganophytaceae Tiganophytaceae is a family in the plant order Brassicales, consisting of the sole monotypic genus, ''Tiganophyton'', represented by ''Tiganophyton karasense''. The family is endemic to Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, ...

Tovariaceae ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa''. The genus is the only one in the family Tovariaceae. References

* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...

* Tropaeolaceae – nasturtium family

Classification

The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the Brassicales families along with their estimated ages, based on a 2018 study of

plastid A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the Cell (biology), cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Examples of plastids include chloroplasts ...

DNA: On 20 April 2020, a newly described monotypic species from

Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...

, namely, ''Tiganophyton karasense'' is placed under this order as a monotypic member of new family

, which is closely related to Bataceae, Salvadoraceae and Koeberliniaceae.

Historic classifications

Under the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...

, the Brassicales were called the Capparales, and included among the "

Dilleniidae Dilleniidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Dilleniaceae. A well-known system that uses this name ...

". The only families included were the

and

(treated as separate families), the

* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...

, Resedaceae, and Moringaceae. Other taxa now included here were placed in various other orders. The families Capparaceae and Brassicaceae are closely related. One group, consisting of '' Cleome'' and related genera, was traditionally included in the Capparaceae but doing so results in a

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

Capparaceae. Therefore, this group is generally now either included in the Brassicaceae or as its own family,

Gallery of type genera

Akania bidwillii leaves.jpg , '' Akania bidwillii'' (turnipwood family) , alt="foliage" Batis maritima male.jpg , '' Batis maritima'' (turtleweed family) , alt="flowers and foliage" Cabbage fertilized with compost and urine (15470416069).jpg , ''

Brassica oleracea ''Brassica oleracea'', also known as wild cabbage in its uncultivated form, is a plant of the family Brassicaceae. The species originated from feral populations of related plants in the Eastern Mediterranean, where it was most likely first cultiv ...

'' (cabbage family) , alt="foliage" Kappari01.jpg , ''

Capparis spinosa ''Capparis spinosa'', the caper bush, also called Flinders rose, is a perennial plant that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers. The taxonomic status of the species is controversial and unsettled. Species with ...

'' (caper family) , alt="flowers and foliage" Carica papaya 005.JPG , ''

Carica papaya The papaya (, ), papaw, () or pawpaw () is the plant species ''Carica papaya'', one of the 21 accepted species in the genus ''Carica'' of the family Caricaceae, and also the name of its fruit. It was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, within ...

'' (papaya family) , alt="fruit and foliage" Cleome (Spider Flower) in Gavi.jpg , '' Cleome hassleriana'' (spiderflower family) , alt="flowers and foliage" Emblingia calceoliflora.jpg , '' Emblingia calceoliflora'' (slippercreeper family) , alt="botanical illustration" Gyrostemon ramulosis habitus.jpg , '' Gyrostemon ramulosis'' (buttoncreeper family) , alt="tree" Koeberlinia spinosa, the Crucifixion Thorn (10584228396).jpg , '' Koeberlinia spinosa'' (allthorn family) , alt="flowers" Limnanthes douglasii flowers.JPG , '' Limnanthes douglasii'' (meadowfoam family) , alt="flowers" 辣木 Moringa oleifera -新加坡植物園 Singapore Botanic Gardens- (9237473791).jpg , ''

Moringa oleifera ''Moringa oleifera'' is a short-lived, fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native to northern India and used extensively in South Asia, South and Southeast Asia. Common names include moringa, drumstick tree (from th ...

'' (horseradish-tree family) , alt="flowers" Pentadiplandra etching 1909.jpg , '' Pentadiplandra brazzeana'' (oubli family) , alt="botanical illustration" Reseda lutea RHu.JPG , ''

Reseda lutea ''Reseda lutea'', the yellow mignonette or wild mignonette, is a species of fragrant herbaceous flowering plant. Its leaves and flowers have been used to make a yellow dye called "weld" since the first millennium BC, although the related plant ' ...

'' (mignonette family) , alt="flowers" Salvadora persica kz04.jpg , ''

Salvadora persica Salvadora may refer to: * Salvadora Medina Onrubia (1894-1972), Argentine poet, anarchist, feminist * ''Salvadora'' (snake), a genus of patchnose snakes in the family Colubridae * ''Salvadora'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants in the fami ...

'' (toothbrush-tree family) , alt="flowers" Tovaria pendula 03.jpg , ''

Tovaria pendula ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, '' Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, '' Tovaria pen ...

'' (stinkbush family) , alt="flowers, fruit and foliage" Nasturtium-Tropaeolum.jpg , '' Tropaeolum majus'' (nasturtium family) , alt="flowers" Setchellanthaceae is sometimes known as the azulita family.

References

External links

* {{Authority control Angiosperm orders