Brahmoism is a

Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...

religious movement which originated from the mid-19th century

Bengali Renaissance Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to: *something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia * Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region * Bengali language, the language they speak ** Bengali alphabet, the w ...

, the nascent

Indian independence movement The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British Raj, British colonial rule. It lasted until 1947, when the Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed. The first nationalistic ...

. Adherents, known as ''

Brahmo Bengali Brahmos are those who adhere to Brahmoism, the philosophy of Brahmo Samaj which was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy. A recent publication describes the disproportionate influence of Brahmos on India's development post-19th Century as un ...

s'' (singular Brahmo), are mainly of

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

n or

Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...

i origin or nationality. The

Brahmo Samaj Brahmo Samaj ( ) is the societal component of Brahmoism, which began as a monotheistic reformist movement during the Bengal Renaissance. It was one of the most influential religious movements in India and made a significant contribution to ...

, literally the "Society of Brahma", was founded as a movement by

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an Indian reformer and writer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent ...

.Chambers Dictionary Of World History. Editor BP Lenman. Chambers. 2000.

Fundamental principles

The

articles of faith derive from the Fundamental (''Adi'') Principles of the ''

Adi Brahmo Samaj Adi Dharm refers to the religion of Adi Brahmo Samaj (, romanized: ''Adi Brahmô Shômaj'') the first development of Brahmoism and includes people of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj who were reintegrated into Brahmoism after the second schism of 18 ...

'' religion. * On God: There is always Infinite (limitless, undefinable, imperceivable, indivisible) Singularity - Immanent and Transcendent Singular Author and Preserver of Existence - "He" whose Love is manifest everywhere and in everything, in the fire and in the water, from the smallest plant to the mightiest oak. * On Being: Being is created from Singularity. Being is renewed to Singularity. Being exists to be one (again) with Loving Singularity. (''See

Tat Tvam Asi Tat or TAT may refer to: Geography * Tát, a Hungarian village * Tat Ali, an Ethiopian volcano *Trinidad and Tobago, a Caribbean country People *Tat, a son and disciple of Hermes Trismegistus * Tiffani Amber Thiessen, initials T.A.T. * Tat Wood, ...

''). * On Intelligent Existence: Righteous (worshipful, intelligent, moral) actions alone rule (regulate

reserve Reserve or reserves may refer to: Places * Reserve, Kansas, a US city * Reserve, Louisiana, a census-designated place in St. John the Baptist Parish * Reserve, Montana, a census-designated place in Sheridan County * Reserve, New Mexico, a US v ...

Existence against Chaos (loss ecay, return, pervading emptiness. Knowledge (Intelligence eason, sentience, intuition of pure Conscience (light within) is the One (Supreme) Ruler (authority aw, dharma of Existence with no symbol (creation cripture, book, object or intermediary (being eacher, messiah, ruler. * On Love: Respect all creations and beings but never venerate (worship) them for only Singularity can be loved (adored, worshipped).

Articles of faith

The Articles of faith for Brahmos are: * Brahmos embrace righteousness as the only way of life. * Brahmos embrace truth, knowledge, reason, free will and virtuous intuition (observation) as guides. * Brahmos embrace secular principles but oppose sectarianism and imposition of religious belief into governance (especially propagation of religious belief by government). * Brahmos embrace the co-existence of Brahmo principles with governance, but oppose all governance in conflict with Brahmo principles. * Brahmos reject narrow theism (especially polytheism), idolatry and symbolism. * Brahmos reject the need for formal rituals, priests or places (church, temple, mosque) for worship. * Brahmos reject dogma and superstition. * Brahmos reject scriptures as authority. * Brahmos reject revelations, prophets, gurus, messiahs, or avatars as authority. * Brahmos reject bigotry and irrational distinctions like caste, creed, colour, race, religion which divide beings. * Brahmos reject all forms of totalitarianism. * Brahmos examine the prevalent notion of "sin". * Brahmos examine the prevalent notions of "heaven" or "hell". * Brahmos examine the prevalent notion of "salvation". Adherence to these articles are required only of ''Adi'' Brahmos or such ''Sadharan'' Brahmos who accept ''Adi''-ism i.e.

Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha The modern religious philosophy of Brahmoism is based in part on the foundations of reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy's humanitarian philosophy, as exemplified by the Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha, known to Brahmos as the ''1830 Brahmo Trust Deed''. Bri ...

(1830). Brahmoism is considered a synthesis of Hinduism, Islam and Unitarianism.

History

While Raja

Ram Mohan Roy Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an Indian reformer and writer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinen ...

aimed at reforming the Hindu religion through

Unitarianism Unitarianism () is a Nontrinitarianism, nontrinitarian sect of Christianity. Unitarian Christians affirm the wikt:unitary, unitary God in Christianity, nature of God as the singular and unique Creator deity, creator of the universe, believe that ...

, his successor Maharshi

Debendranath Tagore Debendranath Tagore (15 May 1817 – 19 January 1905; birth name: Debendronath Thakur) was an Indian philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj (earlier called Bhramho Sabha) ("Society of Brahma", also translated as ''Socie ...

in 1850 rejected the infallibility of the Vedas. Tagore tried to retain some Hindu customs, but a series of schisms eventually resulted in the formation of the breakaway

Sadharan Brahmo Samaj The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj or Universal Brahmo Samaj is a division of Brahmoism formed as a result of schisms in the Brahmo Samaj first in 1866 and then another in 1878. Due to ideological differences, Keshab Chandra Sen, one of Brahmo Samaj ...

in 1878. So, in 1901, a decision of the Privy Council of

British India The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...

found that "the vast majority of Brahmo religionists are not Hindus and have their own religion". The Brahma Dharma was first codified by Debendranath Tagore with the formulation of the Brahmo Dharma Beej and publication of the ''Brahma Dharma'', a book of 1848 or 1850 in two parts. The Brahma Dharma is the source of every Brahmo's spiritual faith and reflects

repudiation of the Hindu Vedas as authority and the shift away from

's Unitary version of God. The traditional seed principles and Debendranath's ''Brahmo Dharma'' (or religious and moral law) now stand evolved as the "Fundamental Principles of Brahmoism" and are supplemented by precise evolving rules for adherents, akin to "Articles of Faith" which regulate the Brahmo way of life. In addition the assembly of Brahmos (and also Brahmo Samajists) for meeting or worship is always consonant with the Trust Principles of 1830 or its derivatives.

Brief history and timeline

* 1828 :

Raja Ram Mohun Roy Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an Indian reformer and writer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent ...

establishes ''Brahma Sabha'' (assembly of Brahmins). * 1829 :

Asiatic Society The Asiatic Society is an organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of " Oriental research" (in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions). It was founded by the philologist Will ...

admits the first Indians to its membership, the first of whom are

Ramkamal Sen Ramkamal Sen (1783–1844) was a Bengali scholar, writer, and lexicographer in the 18th century. He was known as the Diwan of the Treasury, Treasurer of the Bank of Bengal and Secretary of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Childhood Born at Gari ...

Dwarkanath Tagore Dwarkanath Tagore (also spelled Dwarakanath Thakur; 1794–1846), popularly known as Prince Dwarkanath Tagore, was one of the first Indian industrialists to partner with the British. He was the son of Rammoni Tagore, and was given in adoption to ...

and Prasanna Coomar Tagore. * 1830 :

, Prasanna Coomar Tagore and Ors. establish the first Brahmo Place for Worship through a legal Trust Deed at

Chitpur Chitpur (or Chitpore) is a neighbourhood in North Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sometimes, the entire area along Chitpur Road is referred to as Chitpur, although the various localities have distinctive names. ...

(

Jorasanko Jorasanko is a neighbourhood of North Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. It is so called because of the two (''jora'') wooden or bamboo bridges (''sanko'') that spanned a small stream at this point. History Apart from the distin ...

Kolkata Kolkata, also known as Calcutta ( its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary ...

). Ram Mohun departs for Britain. * 1833 : Ram Mohun dies in Bristol. * 1839 :

forms ''Tattwabodhini (Tattvaranjini) Sabha'', the "Truth & Life Purpose Seekers" association on 6 October 1839. * 1843 : Tattwabodini Sabha merged with Brahmo Sabha and Calcutta Brahmo Samaj established. Dwarkanath Tagore founds the Great Western Bengal Railway Co. in conflict with the State. * 1850 : Publication of ''Brahma Dharma'' book in 2 parts by Debendranath. Repudiation of Vedic infallibility, separation from Hinduism, establishment of the new religion. * 1855 :

Keshub Chunder Sen Keshub Chandra Sen (; also spelled Keshab Chunder Sen; 19 November 1838 – 8 January 1884) was an Indian philosopher and social reformer who attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the framework of Hindu thought. Born a Hindu i ...

founds "The British India Society" later associated with

Christian mission A Christian mission is an organized effort to carry on evangelism, in the name of the Christian faith. Missions involve sending individuals and groups across boundaries, most commonly geographical boundaries. Sometimes individuals are sent and a ...

aries James Long and

Charles Dall Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*karilaz'' (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was ...

. Dall, a roving Unitarian missionary, is in a troubled marriage in Boston with female emancipator Caroline Wells Healey Dall, suffering a series of mental depressions, and is sufficiently persuaded to grant his wife a ''Boston divorce'' by sailing to India forever as the first foreign Unitarian missionary. * 1856 : Devendranath Thakur proceeds to hills of

Simla Shimla, also known as Simla (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Himachal Pradesh, the official name until 1972), is the capital and the largest city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summe ...

. * 1857 : Debendranath informs Unitarian preacher Charles Dall that he is no longer welcome at Calcutta Brahmo Samaj, and that "He would not hear the name of Jesus spoken in the Samaj." Dall then forms the ''Rammohun Roy Society'' to wean away the liberal Brahmos from Debendranath.Charles Dall
. Keshub Sen then subscribes to Calcutta Brahmo Samaj while Devendranath is away in Simla. The

Indian Mutiny The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form ...

erupts, almost every Trustee of Brahma Samaj supports the Crown while seeking exemplary punishment for the mutineers. * 1860 : Charles Dall now openly attacks Debendranath and affiliates to liberal Brahmo neo-Christian group by promoting Theodore Parker and William Channing's methods to convert Hindus to Christianity. * 1866 : The First Brahmo Schism and Calcutta Brahmo Samaj is renamed as Adi (First) Brahmo Samaj to distinguish it from progressive breakaway group. * 1871 : Adi Brahmo Samaj leaders publicly oppose the progressive faction over the divisive ''Brahmo Marriage Bill, 1871'' with Debendranath stating "We are Brahmos first, and Indians or Hindus second." * 1872 : The Marriage Bill is ostensibly not limited to Brahmos and enacted as the ''Special Marriages Act (Act III) of 1872''. A declaration is required stating "I am not a Hindu or Muslim or Christian or Jew" to marry under this law which is used almost exclusively by Brahmos. * 1878 : The breakaway faction splits again, the majority form the middle-path Sadharan (General) Brahmo Samaj and are formally welcomed back to Brahmoism by Debendranath Tagore and Rajnarayan Basu of the Adi Samaj. The eminent leaders of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj at the time include

Sivanath Sastri Sivanath Shastri or Sibanath Sastri (31 January 1848 – 30 September 1919) was a Bengali social reformer, writer, translator, scholar, editor philoshoper and historian.সুবোধচন্দ্র সেনগুপ্ত ও অঞ্� ...

Ananda Mohan Bose Ananda Mohan Bose () (23 September 1847 – 20 August 1906) was an Indian politician, academic, social reformer, and lawyer during the British Raj. He co-founded the Indian National Association, one of the earliest Indian political organization ...

and Sib Chandra Deb.Primary Source: ''History of Brahmo Samaj'' by ''Sivanath Sastri'' 1911, Secondary Source: Official website brahmosamaj.org *1898 : First branch of Brahmosamaj (At Calicut) (Now Ayyathan School which runs under the patronage of Brahmo Samaj at Jail Road, Calicut) was founded by

Ayyathan Gopalan DR. Rao Sahib Ayathan Gopalan (3 March 1861 – 2 May 1948), popularly known as Darsarji and Darsar Sahib ("Darsar" means "doctor", derived from Latin word "docere" for doctor), was an Indian doctor, surgeon, professor, writer, philanthropist ...

a great social reformer and founder of Sugunavardhini movement in Kerala. *1910 : Translated the "Bible of Brahmo Samaj" - "Brahmo Dharma" written by Maharshi Debendranath Tagore into Malayalam. *1924 : Second Branch of Brahmo Samaj in Kerala was set up by Ayyathan Gopalan at Alappuzha (Kerala) Poonthoppu, Kommady (now Grihalakshmi Gandhi Smaraka Seva Aangam)

References

External links