Judaism Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...

, a ''berakhah'', ''bracha'', ', ' (; pl. , ''berakhot'', '; "benediction," "blessing") is a formula of

blessing In religion, a blessing (also used to refer to bestowing of such) is the impartation of something with doctrines of grace, grace, Sacred, holiness, spiritual Redemption (theology), redemption, or Will of God, divine will. Etymology and Germani ...

or thanksgiving, recited in public or private, usually before the performance of a

commandment Commandment may refer to: * The Ten Commandments * One of the 613 mitzvot of Judaism * The Great Commandment * The New Commandment * Commandment (album), ''Commandment'' (album), a 2007 album by Six Feet Under * Commandments (film), ''Commandments' ...

, or the enjoyment of food or fragrance, and in praise on various occasions. The function of a ''berakhah'' is to acknowledge God as the source of all blessing. It can be both a declaration of dependence and an expression of gratitude for God and his gifts. Berakhot also have an educational function to transform a variety of everyday actions and occurrences into religious experiences designed to increase awareness of God at all times. For this purpose, the Talmudic sage

Rabbi Meir Rabbi Meir () was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the Mishnah. He was one of the Tannaim of the fourth generation (139–163), and a disciple of Rabbi Akiva. He is the second most frequently mentioned sage in the Mishnah and is mentioned ...

declared that it was the duty of every Jew to recite one hundred ''berakhot'' every day. The

Mishnah The Mishnah or the Mishna (; , from the verb ''šānā'', "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is ...

tractate Berakhot Berakhot (, lit. "Blessings") is the first tractate of ''Seder Zeraim'' ("Order of Seeds") of the Mishnah and of the Talmud. The tractate discusses the rules of prayers, particularly the Shema and the Amidah, and blessings for various circumstan ...

, and the

gemara The Gemara (also transliterated Gemarah, or in Yiddish Gemore) is an essential component of the Talmud, comprising a collection of rabbinical analyses and commentaries on the Mishnah and presented in 63 books. The term is derived from the Aram ...

in both Talmuds, contain detailed rabbinical discussions of ''berakhot'', upon which the laws and practice of reciting blessings are founded. ''Berakhot'' typically start with the words "Blessed are You, Lord our God..." One who hears another recite a ''berakhah'' answers with ''

amen Amen (, ; , ; , ; , ) is an Abrahamic declaration of affirmation which is first found in the Hebrew Bible, and subsequently found in the New Testament. It is used in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic practices as a concluding word, or as a respons ...

;'' but one who is engaged in prayer may at certain points be forbidden from other speech, including responding ''

.'' With few exceptions, one does not respond

to his or her own ''berakha,'' although other prayers—such as the

kaddish The Kaddish (, 'holy' or 'sanctification'), also transliterated as Qaddish, is a hymn praising God that is recited during Jewish prayer services. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. In the lit ...

—include "

" in their text.

Categories of blessings

There are three major categories of ''berakhah'': *on pleasurable experiences ( ''birkhot ha'nehenin'') such as before eating food or smelling fragrances *when performing a commandment (Hebrew: ''birkhot hamitzvot'') such as the lighting of Sabbath candles *in praise, gratitude or recognition of God's justice (Hebrew: ''birkhot ha'shevach v'ha'hodaya'') such as upon seeing awe-inspiring natural phenomena, or upon hearing very good or very bad news. Blessings over food are intended to sanctify the physical act of taking nourishment, those recited before performing a commandment serve to prevent the performance of the activity in an unthinking, rote way, and the blessings of praise serve to remind people of the presence of God in all situations.

Before enjoyment

Based on a sugya of the Talmud ( ''Berkahot'' 35a), Judaism teaches that food ultimately belongs to the one great Provider, God, and that to partake of it legitimately one must express gratitude to God by reciting the appropriate blessing beforehand. There are six types of blessings said before eating different foods: ' ' ' ' ' and '. Additionally, there are 5 blessings said after eating different foods:

Birkat Hamazon Birkat Hamazon ( "The Blessing of the Food"), known in English as the Grace After Meals ( "to bless", Yinglish: Bentsching), is a set of Hebrew language, Hebrew blessings that Halakha, Jewish law prescribes following a meal that includes at le ...

, Al Hamihya, Al Hagefen, Al Ha’etz and Borei Nefashot. These blessings, however, are only required if a certain predefined amount (

Ke'zayit Kezayit, k'zayit, or kezayis () is a Talmudic unit of volume approximately equal to the size of an average Talmudic-Era Israeli olive. The word itself literally means "like an olive." The rabbis differ on the precise definition of the unit: * Ra ...

for a solid food, and Revi'it for a liquid) is consumed within a predefined time period (different for solids and liquids).

When performing a ''mitzvah''

Blessings recited before the observance of a ''mitzvah'' (commandment) begin with the formula "Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, who has sanctified us through his commandments and commanded us to..." and mention the specific ''mitzvah'' about to be performed. The blessing over fulfilling the commandment is sometimes followed by another blessing (for example, when lighting the Chanukkah candles, the additional ''berakhah'' "...who performed miracles for our ancestors long ago at this season" is recited). When a mitzvah is performed for the first time in the year, the ''She'hecheyanu'' blessing ("...who has kept us alive and preserved us and enabled us to reach this season") is also added. Contrary to the usual pattern of making a blessing before the commandment, the blessing for relieving one's bodily needs and the blessing for ritually rinsing the hands are both recited afterwards. In the former case, it is forbidden to recite any blessing while one feels one's need, and so the blessing is postponed. In the latter case, one may also not recite the blessing beforehand since clean hands are a prerequisite for reciting the blessing. Even if one is certain that one's hands are clean (for example, at the Rabbinically instituted rinsing before breaking bread), one still recites the blessing afterwards to avoid confusion. Also contrary to the usual pattern, blessings are said after certain public readings from the

Tanakh The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
. ''

reading of the Torah, the readings from the

prophets In religion, a prophet or prophetess is an individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the ...

called the

Haftarah The ''haftara'' or (in Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazic pronunciation) ''haftorah'' (alt. ''haftarah, haphtara'', ) "parting," "taking leave" (plural form: ''haftarot'' or ''haftoros''), is a series of selections from the books of ''Nevi'im'' ("Pr ...

, and the recitation of

Psalms of Praise ''Pesukei dezimra'' (; Rabbinic Hebrew: ''pasuqẽ hazzǝmiroṯ'' "Verses of songs"), or ''zemirot'' as they are called by the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, are a group of prayers that may be recited during Shacharit (the morning set of prayers i ...

, and the Psalms of the

Hallel Hallel (, 'Praise') is a Jewish prayer, a verbatim recitation from Psalms which is recited by observant Jews on Jewish holidays as an act of praise and thanksgiving. Types Full Hallel Full Hallel () consists of all six Psalms of the Hallel, in ...

Mitzvot for which a blessing is not recited

No blessing is recited for the performance of certain commandments. Some commentators have suggested that the reason is that no blessing is said before fulfilling commandments which do not involve any action (for example, leaving the corner of the field for the poor), or the observance of which is possible only in undesirable circumstances (for example, granting a divorce, or the return of stolen goods). In the case of other commandments (for example,

tzedakah ''Tzedakah'' ( ''ṣədāqā'', ) is a Hebrew word meaning "righteousness", but commonly used to signify ''charity''. This concept of "charity" differs from the modern Western understanding of "charity". The latter is typically understood as ...

"charity"), commentators say it is because there is no fixed amount or limit to the observance of the commandment; however, there is no general agreement regarding the underlying principles.

David Abudarham David Abudarham (fl. 1340) (), referred to as Abu darham, Abudraham, or Avudraham, was a rishon who lived in Seville in the 14th century and was known for his commentary on the siddur. Biography He is said to have been a student of Jacob ben As ...

wrote that there is more than one reason why these commandments do not have blessings. Abudarham and

Shlomo ibn Aderet Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet ( or Solomon son of Abraham son of Aderet) (1235 – 1310) was a medieval rabbi, halakhist, and Talmudist. He is widely known as the Rashba (Hebrew: ), the Hebrew acronym of his title and name: Rabbi Shlomo ben Avrah ...

suggested a blessing is not recited for tzedakah because the recipient may refuse the gift, and blessings are not recited when it is uncertain whether the mitzvah will be performed.

Baruch Epstein Baruch Epstein or Baruch ha-Levi Epstein (1860–1941) () was an Ashkenazi Jewish rabbi, best known for his '' Torah Temimah'' commentary on the Torah. He was the son of Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein, rabbi of Novarodok and author of the work ...

suggested that a blessing is not recited on interpersonal mitzvot because the standard blessing text refers to Jews being distinguished from other nations who do not perform the mitzvah; however, non-Jews do perform interpersonal good deeds.

Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg (1884–1966) was an Ashkenazi Orthodox rabbi, posek ("decisor" of Jewish law) and rosh yeshiva. He is best known as the author of the work of responsa ''Seridei Eish''. Biography Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg was born in Cie ...

suggested that interpersonal mitzvot are done best out of love and care for the recipient, not out of commandment or coercion, so a blessing which refers to the commandment is not recited.

Praise on various occasions

The main purpose of this category of blessings, often called "blessings of praise," is to help remind people of the Creator at all times. These blessings are said on various occasions, including upon hearing good and bad news; on witnessing awesome natural phenomena such as thunder and lightning, high mountains or the ocean, or a rainbow; upon visiting a place where miracles have been performed in the past, especially in the

Land of Israel The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine. The definition ...

, and the ''Birkat ha-Gomel'', upon being saved from danger. The blessing Ha-tov ve-ha-metiv ("Blessed is He Who is good and does good") is recited by a person when they hear good news that will also benefit others, such as news that one has received an inheritance or when rain begins to fall after a drought. It is also said upon the drinking of additional wine that is different from that drunk previously at the meal.

Structure of blessings

Most blessings begin with the words ''Barukh Attah Adonai'' ("Blessed are You, Lord"). When the blessing occurs at the beginning of a prayer, the words ' ("our God, King of the Universe") are added. There are three types of formulas for benedictions: # a short blessing (', "short formula") which, after the opening words, is followed by a few words of praise specific to the occasion, for example, the blessing over bread: ' ("who brings forth bread from the earth"). # a long blessing (', "long formula"), in which the opening is followed by a more elaborate text, for example, in the first section of the ''

'' (Grace after Meals), after which a concluding blessing formula is recited at the end of the prayer, for example, ' ("Blessed are You, Lord, Who feeds all"). # the blessing forms part of a series (', "a blessing that is next to another") and the opening formula is omitted, except in the first benediction of each series, and only the conclusion is phrased in the style of a long blessing. The second section of the Birkat Hamazon, for instance, begins with the words ' (, "We thank You"), and ends with the blessing ' ("Blessed are You Lord, for the land and the food").

Safek berakhah

In certain cases it is doubtful whether a blessing should be said. For example, when someone doesn't remember whether he has already recited the proper blessing or not. One cannot argue to recite the blessing "just to be sure", because it is forbidden to say a "" (an unnecessary blessing) so as not to transgress the grave prohibition of taking God's name in vain. The ruling in such cases is to say the blessing in a

D'Oraita The Talmud uses many types of logical arguments. Some of the most common arguments and terms are discussed here. ''Chazakah'' (presumption) The term ''chazakah'' ( — literally, "strong") usually refers to the default assumption; i.e., what is ...

case, and to not say it in a D'Rabbanan case.

Reciting ''amen''

The most common context in which an ''amen'' is required by

halakha ''Halakha'' ( ; , ), also Romanization of Hebrew, transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Judaism, Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Torah, Written and Oral Torah. ''Halakha'' is ...

is after one hears a berakah recited. In fact, it is prohibited to willfully refrain from responding ''amen'' when it is indicated. The source of this requirement is the verse in

Deuteronomy Deuteronomy (; ) is the fifth book of the Torah (in Judaism), where it is called () which makes it the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament. Chapters 1–30 of the book consist of three sermons or speeches delivered to ...

32:3: "When I proclaim the name of ''

Hashem Hashem ( Hebrew: ''haššēm'') People with the given name * Hashem Aghajari (born 1957), Iranian historian * Hashem Akbari (born 1949), Iranian-American professor at Concordia University * Hashem Akbarian (1897–1971), Iranian wrestler * ...

'', give glory to our God." This mandate refers to the mention of the

Tetragrammaton The TetragrammatonPronounced ; ; also known as the Tetragram. is the four-letter Hebrew-language theonym (transliteration, transliterated as YHWH or YHVH), the name of God in the Hebrew Bible. The four Hebrew letters, written and read from ...

, which was only pronounced at certain specific times within the confines of the

Temple in Jerusalem The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple (; , ), refers to the two religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. Accord ...

. Whoever heard this special name of God mentioned was obliged to respond with ''Barukh shem kvod malkhuto l'olam va'ed'' (, "Blessed be the Name of His glorious kingdom for all eternity"). With the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, however, pronouncing the Tetragrammaton was prohibited, and was replaced with the pronunciation ''Adonai''. Although this term bears significant holiness (and is in fact one of the seven names of God) and may not be pronounced without purpose, it may be pronounced when appropriate in prayer and blessings. The aforementioned response for the Tetragrammaton, however, is not warranted when one hears ''Adonai'' pronounced. The

Chazal Chazal or Ḥazal () are the Jewish sages of the Mishnaic and Talmudic eras, spanning from the final 300 years of the Second Temple period until the 7th century, or . Their authority was mostly in the field of ''Halakha'' (Jewish law) and les ...

(Talmudic sages) therefore mandated that one must answer ''amen'' at the completion of a blessing outside of the Temple, comparable to the ''barukh shem'' that was used in the Holy Temple. However, while "''barukh shem'' is an expression of praise and honour, ''amen'' is an affirmation of belief." The

Talmud The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...

teaches that the word ''Amen'' is an

acronym An acronym is a type of abbreviation consisting of a phrase whose only pronounced elements are the initial letters or initial sounds of words inside that phrase. Acronyms are often spelled with the initial Letter (alphabet), letter of each wor ...

for (', "God, trustworthy King.") Tractate Shabbat 119b and

Tractate Sanhedrin ''Sanhedrin'' () is one of ten tractates of Seder Nezikin (a section of the Talmud that deals with damages, i.e. civil and criminal proceedings). It originally formed one tractate with Makkot, which also deals with criminal law. The Gemara of t ...

111a The word ''amen'' itself is

etymologically Etymology ( ) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units of sound and meaning—across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. ...

related to the Hebrew word ' (, "faith") asserting that one is affirming the fundamental beliefs of Judaism. Although ''amen,'' in Judaism, is most commonly stated as a response to a blessing that incorporates God's name, ''amen'' is more generally an affirmation of any declaration. Accordingly, it is customary in some communities to respond ''amen'' after each ''harachaman'' in Grace after meals and after a '. When reciting ''amen'', it is important that the response is not louder than the blessing itself. When trying to encourage others to respond ''amen'', however, one may raise ones voice to stir others to respond in kind. Since answering "amen" indicates approval of the content of the blessing, it is appropriate to answer "amen" to another's blessing even if one could not halachically recite the blessing oneself. For example, when the

kohanim Kohen (, ; , ، Arabic كاهن , Kahen) is the Hebrew word for "priest", used in reference to the Aaronic priesthood, also called Aaronites or Aaronides. They are traditionally believed, and halakhically required, to be of direct patriline ...

recite the blessing, "...Who has sanctified us with the holiness of Aaron, and commanded us to bless His people Israel with love," the congregation responds "amen," even though they are not descendants of Aaron the High Priest. Likewise, a Gentile may respond "amen" to a Jew's blessing, even when the blessing contains the text, "...Who has sanctified us with His commandments, and commanded us to...," since by answering "amen," the Gentile is agreeing that the Jew was sanctified with the commandment about to be performed. So too with blessings on foods and smells; one is not required to likewise partake in order to answer "amen." When one person recites a blessing for another, and the second says "''amen''", it is considered as if the second person recited the blessing by proxy. In this manner, a person can fulfill their obligation to recite

kiddush Kiddush (; ), , is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat and Jewish holidays. Additionally, the word refers to a small repast held on Shabbat or festival mornings after the prayer services and before the meal. S ...

, or recite a blessing before eating, without saying the actual blessing but rather the one word "''amen''".

Proper articulation when answering ''amen''

When responding ''amen'', it must be pronounced in a proper manner, consistent with its significance in halakha. There are a number of ways to respond ''amen'' that are discouraged as being either disrespectful or careless. The articulation of the ''alef'' (, first letter of ''amen'' in Hebrew) and its proper vowelization must be clear. If the '' kametz'' vowel is rushed and mispronounced as the vowelization of a ''

shva Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, shĕwa () is a Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots () beneath a letter. It indicates either the phoneme (shva na', mobile shva) or the complete absence of a vowel (/Zero (linguist ...

'', the ''amen'' is termed an ''amen '', as ' is synonym for the ''shva''.

Orach Chaim ''Orach Chayim'' ("manner/way of life") is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation of Halakha (Jewish law), ''Arba'ah Turim''. This section addresses aspects of Jewish law pertinent to the Hebrew calendar (be it the daily, weekly, mont ...

124:8 Another type of ''amen '' is one that is recited prior to the completion of the blessing it is being recited to follow; this comes from the Hebrew word ' (, "snatched"). The impatient rush to respond ''amen'' before the blessing has even been completed is prohibited. If insufficient stress is placed on the ''nun'' (, the last letter of ''amen'' in Hebrew) and the ''mem'' (, the middle letter) drowns it out, this is termed an ''amen ketufa'' (, "a cut ''amen''"). One must also not recite ''amen'' too quickly; one should allocate enough time for the ''amen'' as necessary to say ''’El melekh ne’eman''. Saying an ' (, "short ''amen''") recited too quickly shows a lack of patience.

Situations in which one may not recite ''amen''

Although it is not prohibited to say the word ''amen'' in vain, the Chazal indicated particular circumstances in which it is improper to answer ''amen''. An ' ( "orphaned ''amen''") is one such example of an improperly recited ''amen''. There is a dispute among the halachic authorities as to exactly what constitutes an orphaned ''amen''. * As ''amen'' is recited as an affirmation of what a blessing has just asserted, one who is unaware of which blessing was just recited can certainly not affirm its assertion with true conviction. Therefore, if someone just arrives in a place and hears others reciting ''amen'' to an unknown blessing, he or she may not respond ''amen'' together with them. * The opposing view maintains a much narrower definition of ''amen ''. They assert that its application is limited to a situation in which someone is intending to hear another's blessing and respond ''amen'' with the intention of fulfilling his or her obligation to recite that blessing. In such a situation, should any member of the listening party miss hearing any of the words of the blessing, it would be equivalent to an omission of the recital of that word (in accordance with the principle of

shomea k'oneh ''Shomea k'oneh'' (, "One who hears is the equivalent of one who recites") is a principle in Jewish law that, in general, allows one to fulfill his or her obligation of textual recitation by listening to another recite the text while both of them ha ...

), and a response of ''amen'' would thus be prohibited, even though the listener knew which blessing was being recited. * Another type of ' is when someone does not respond ''amen'' immediately after hearing the conclusion of a blessing, but rather pauses for a few seconds (''

toch k'dei dibur The Hebrew phrase ''tokh k'dei dibur'' (תוך כדי דיבור, "within imesufficient for speech") is a principle in Jewish law that governs the immediacy with which one must speak words for them to be considered a continuation of what has bee ...

''), thereby causing the ''amen'' to lose its connection to the blessing. Responding with such an ''amen'' is forbidden. If however some people are still responding ''amen'' to a blessing, one may begin to respond ''amen'', even if this time interval has passed. One may not respond ''amen'' to a ' (, "blessing made for nought"). Thus, one should not respond ''amen'' to a blessing made by someone who is merely reciting the blessing for educational purposes (i.e. to learn how to recite it). However, one is encouraged to respond amen to children's blessings, even though they are not obligated in the recitation of blessings. Because one cannot attest to one's own blessing any more than he or she already has by reciting it, responding ''amen'' to one's own blessing is redundant and one may not do so.

215:1 If the blessing is being recited on food, one who responds ''amen'' to one's own blessing will either cause a ''hefseik'' (, " rohibitedinterruption") or likely pronounce an ''amen '', depending on whether one responds immediately or waits until after one swallows some food or drink, respectively. An exception to this rule is a situation in which an individual is reciting a series of blessings; in such a case, some authorities permit the individual to respond ''amen'' to the last blessing in order to signal the ending of the series. While there are many examples of series of blessings within the Jewish prayer services,

Ashkenazi Ashkenazi Jews ( ; also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim) form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora, that Ethnogenesis, emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium Common era, CE. They traditionally spe ...

tradition dictates that ''amen'' is not recited at the conclusion of a series of blessings. The one exception to this is in Grace after Meals after the third blessing of ''Boneh Yerushalayim''; in order to signify that the first three blessings are biblically mandated, as opposed to the fourth rabbinically mandated blessing, the

mandates that one recite ''amen'' at its closing.

Mishnah Brurah The ''Mishnah Berurah'' ( "Clear Teaching") is a work of ''halakha'' (Jewish law) by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (Poland, 1838–1933, also known as ''Chofetz Chaim''). It is a commentary on ''Orach Chayim'', the first section of the ''Shulchan Aruc ...

215:4

When responding ''amen'' will constitute a prohibited interruption

When responding ''amen'' will constitute a ' (, " rohibitedinterruption"), one should not respond ''amen''. An example of this type of situation would be within the evening ''

'' on

Jewish holidays Jewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or ''Yamim Tovim'' (, or singular , in transliterated Hebrew []), are holidays observed by Jews throughout the Hebrew calendar.This article focuses on practices of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism. ...

, when the blessing of ''sheheheyanu'' is added within the ''kiddush'' prayer. By listening intently and responding ''amen'' to each blessing of the ''kiddush'' prayer, all those present can effectively fulfill their obligation to recite ''kiddush'', even though only one person is actually reciting it, via the principle of ''

'' (, "One who hears is the equivalent of one who recites"). While men either recite the ' blessing in ''kiddush'' or dispense their obligation by listening to someone else recite it, women generally recite their ' during candle lighting. Rabbi Tzvi Pesach Frank notes that anyone who lit candles should refrain from responding ''amen'' to the ' blessing during ''kiddush'' because it would effectively be an interruption in their fulfillment of reciting ''kiddush'', as they have already recited their ' blessing.

References

{{Reflist, 2

External links

Brachos.org - Your Source of Blessing - The Largest Bracha DatabaseBrochos.com - A Reference DatabaseJewish Encyclopedia: Berakot

Berakhah In Judaism, a ''berakhah'', ''bracha'', ', ' (; pl. , ''berakhot'', '; "benediction," "blessing") is a formula of blessing or thanksgiving, recited in public or private, usually before the performance of a commandment, or the enjoyment of food o ...

Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings Religious formulas