Boykos

The Boykos or Boikos (; ; ; ), or simply Highlanders (; ), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are a regional subgroup of Ukrainians.[Richard T.Schaefer (ed.), 2008, ''Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1'', Sage Publications, p. 1341. James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas & Nicholas Charles Pappas, 1994, ''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires'', Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 109–110. However, the diaspora outside of western Ukraine are often considered a sub-group of Rusyns who speak a distinct East Slavic languages, East Slavic dialect. Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.

Etymology

Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses, but it is generally considered, as explained by priest Joseph Levytsky in his ''Hramatyka'' (1831), that it derives from the particle . Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (''< bo-i-je >''), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population. The 19th-century scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik, with whom Franjo Rački and Henry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of '' Boiki'' mentioned in the 10th century ''De Administrando Imperio'', but this thesis is outdated and rejected, as most scholars, Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because ''Boiki'' is a clear reference to Bohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii. The derivation from Boii, is also disputed because there is not enough evidence. They are also called Vrchovints (Highlanders). As in the case of Hutsuls and Lemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.

Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (''verkhovyntsi'').

Origin

Boykos are either considered one of the descendants of East Slavic tribes, specifically White Croats who lived in the region, possibly also Ulichs who arrived from the East, or Vlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.

Demography

In the Boyko Region (, Boyko: and ), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos. They also lived in Sanok, Lesko and Przemyśl County of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before the Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and the forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947. In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamed Telmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from Czarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.

In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos as an ethnicity distinct from Ukrainians is controversial.Tom Trier (1998), ''Inter-Ethnic Relations in Transcarpathian Ukraine'' The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from '' Rus''', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and in some cases Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians. This is also on top of many attempts within the USSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.

Location

*Poland: southeasternmost part of Poland (Podkarpackie Voivodeship).
*Ukraine: central and western half of the Carpathians in Ukraine across such regions as the southern Lviv Oblast (Stryi, Drohobych, and Sambir Raions), western Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( Kalush Raion) and parts of the northeastern Zakarpattia Oblast ( Mizhhiria Raion)
*Northeast Slovakia

To the west of Boykos live Lemkos, east or southeast Hutsuls, northward Dnistrovyans, Opolyans.

Бойки.png, Areas of Boyko settlement on the border of Ukraine (right) and Poland (left)
PogMAP2.png, Ethnographic groups of southeasternmost Poland, Boykos in dark blue.
Bojky001.jpg, Boyko family. Dolyna district. 1898
Бойки.jpg, Boyko family. Beginning of the XX century
Bojki1837.jpg, Boyko inhabitants of Galicia, lithograph from 1837
Boiko from Beskydy.jpg, Boyko man, 1925–1939.
Boykos 2.jpg, Boyko family, prewar.
Boykivshchyna (2).jpg, Boyko family, prewar.
Tucholka. Bojkiwska chata 1903.jpg, Boyko hut, 1903
Bojkhata.JPG, interior of the Boyko hut. Museum of Culture and Life of Boykivshchyna

Religion

Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.

DrohobychCer3.JPG, St. George's Church, Drohobych
File:Krivki church.jpg, A traditional Boyko church in Lviv
File:Rosolin, cerkiew św. Onufrego (HB1).jpg, Wooden Boyko church of St. Onuphrius in Rosolin
Михайлівська церква (дер.) 1700 р. Вишка 7661-HDR.jpg, Boyko church of Saint Michael, Vyshka
Церква Зіслання Святого Духа (1804).jpg, Boyko church of the Pentecost in Verkhnya Rozhanka
Гукливий, Церква Св. Духа 2010 (6074).jpg, Holy Spirit church in Huklyvyi
Matkiv.jpg, Saint Demetrius church, Matkiv

Notable people

* Yuriy Drohobych (1450–1494), first doctor of medicine in Ukraine, rector of the University of Bologna (1481–1482), professor at Jagiellonian University (1488).
*Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (1582–1622), Ukrainian political and civic leader, Hetman of Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks (1616–1622).
* Ivan Franko (1856–1916), Ukrainian poet, writer and political activist.

See also

*Rusyns
*Ruthenians
*Ukrainians
* Boyko (name)

References

External links

*Anatoliy Ponomariov. "''Ethnic groups of Ukrainians''" (in Ukrainian). Availabl
online

* Nakonechny, Ye. "''How Ruthenians became Ukrainians''", Zerkalo Nedeli (''the Mirror Weekly''), July, 2005. Available onlin
in Russian
an
in Ukrainian

Short photo essay about contemporary Boiko life.
* Romaniuk, K.
Characteristics of Boikos dialect use in Kherson region in the mid 20th century
'. "Domiv". 8 March 2016.

{{Slavic ethnic groups

Slavic ethnic groups
Slavic highlanders
Carpathians
Ethnic groups in Ukraine