''Botryotinia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

ascomycete Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

causing several plant diseases. The

anamorph In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota: *Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. *Anamorph: an ase ...

s of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the " imperfect fungi" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid. Plant diseases caused by ''Botryotinia'' species appear primarily as blossom

blight Blight is a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. Description Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs. A ...

s and fruit rots but also as leaf spots and bulb rots in the field and in stored products. The fungi induce

host cell In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include ...

death resulting in progressive decay of infected plant tissue, whence they take nutrients.

Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete ( haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote tha ...

takes place with

ascospore In fungi, an ascospore is the sexual spore formed inside an ascus—the sac-like cell that defines the division Ascomycota, the largest and most diverse Division (botany), division of fungi. After two parental cell nucleus, nuclei fuse, the ascu ...

s produced in

apothecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. As ...

conidia A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...

are the means of

asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the f ...

Sclerotia A sclerotium (; : sclerotia () is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant u ...

of plano-convexoid shape are typical. Some species also cause

damping off Damping off (or damping-off) is a horticultural disease or condition, caused by several different pathogens that kill or weaken seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate. It is most prevalent in wet and cool conditions. Symptoms There ar ...

, killing seeds or

seedling A seedling is a young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed. A typical young seedling consists of three main parts: the radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl (embry ...

s during or before

germination Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, ...

. ''

Botryotinia fuckeliana ''Botryotinia'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi causing several plant diseases. The anamorphs of ''Botryotinia'' are mostly included in the " imperfect fungi" genus ''Botrytis''. The genus contains 22 species and one hybrid. Plant diseases caused ...

'' (or its

Botrytis cinerea ''Botrytis cinerea'' is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" ...

'') is an important species for

wine Wine is an alcoholic drink made from Fermentation in winemaking, fermented fruit. Yeast in winemaking, Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made f ...

industry as well as horticulture. Other economically important species include '' Botryotinia convoluta'' (the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

of the genus), ''

Botryotinia polyblastis ''Botryotinia polyblastis'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Narcissus Fire of daffodils, genus '' Narcissus''. Host and symptoms ''Botryotinia polyblastis'' is known to attack ornamental plants of the genus ''Narcissus''. Plants in this ...

'', ''

Botrytis allii ''Botrytis allii'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes neck rot in stored onions ('' Allium cepa'') and related crops. Its teleomorph is unknown, but other species of '' Botrytis'' are anamorphs of '' Botryotinia'' species. The species ...

'' and ''

Botrytis fabae ''Botrytis fabae'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes chocolate spot disease of broad or fava bean plants, ''Vicia faba''. It was described scientifically by Mexican-born Galician microbiologist Juan Rodríguez Sardiña in 1929. Sympt ...

''. ''

Botrytis tulipae Botrytis may refer to: * ''Botrytis'' (fungus), the anamorphs of fungi of the genus ''Botryotinia'' **''Botrytis cinerea'', a mold important in wine making *Botrytis, the cauliflower cultivar group of ''Brassica oleracea ''Brassica oleracea'', al ...

'' is a serious pest of

tulip Tulips are spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes in the ''Tulipa'' genus. Their flowers are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white. They often have a different colour ...

crops and ''

Botrytis narcissicola ''Botrytis narcissicola'' is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes narcissus smoulder of daffodils, genus '' Narcissus''. References Bibliography T.M. O'Neill, J.W. Mansfield. INFECTION OF NARCISSUS BY BOTRYTIS NARCISSICOLA AND BOTRYTIS ...

'' the bulbs of '' Narcissus''.

Taxonomy

For a complete list of species, see Beever and Weeds, Table 1. Selected species (anamorph, teleomorph) include; * ''

'' Munn * ''

'' Pers.:Fr.— ''

'' (de Bary) Whetzel * '' Botryotinia convoluta'' (Drayton) Whetzel * ''

'' Sardiña * ''

'' Kleb. ex Westerd. & JFH Beyma syn. ''Sclerotinia narcissicola'' * ''

'' Dowson syn. ''Sclerotinia polyblastis'' * ''

'' Lind

References

Bibliography

WR Jarvis.Botryotinia and Botrytis species : taxonomy, physiology and pathogenicity : a guide to the literature (1977)
*

External links

Index Fungorum
* * Staats et al.200

* Synoptic keys to the inoperculate stromatic discomycetes in the Nordic countrie

Sclerotiniaceae Fungal plant pathogens and diseases {{plant-disease-stub