The Bostobe Formation ( kk, Boztóbe svıtasy) is a geological

formation Formation may refer to: Linguistics * Back-formation, the process of creating a new lexeme by removing or affixes * Word formation, the creation of a new word by adding affixes Mathematics and science * Cave formation or speleothem, a secondary ...

in Qaraghandy & Qyzylorda, Kazakhastan whose strata date back to the

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', ...

(

Santonian The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. ...

early Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian s ...

stages, approximately 85 Ma). The

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...

s and

claystone Mudrocks are a class of fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The varying types of mudrocks include siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale. Most of the particles of which the stone is composed are less than and are too sm ...

s of the formation were deposited in

estuarine An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environmen ...

fluvial In geography and geology, fluvial processes are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term glaciofluvial or fluv ...

lacustrine A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...

and fluvial- deltaic

environments Environment most often refers to: __NOTOC__ * Natural environment, all living and non-living things occurring naturally * Biophysical environment, the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism or ...

. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.Weishampel et al. , 2004, pp.593-600 The formation is about thick and consists primarily of clay with interbeds of sand, representing an estuarine environment.Kordikova et al., 2001

Fossil content

'' Khunnuchelys lophorhothon'', a trionychid

turtle Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked ...

recovered from the formation, was initially thought to belong to a hadrosaurid dinosaur and classified as cf. ''

Lophorhothon ''Lophorhothon'' is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous, the first genus of dinosaur discovered in Alabama, in the United States. Discovery and naming Remains of this small, poorly known perhaps saurolophine dinosaur w ...

sp''.Danilov et al., 2014 ;Mammals * '' Beleutinus orlovi'' * '' Zhalmouzia bazhanovi''Averianov et al., 2014b * '' Parazhelestes sp.''Averianov et al., 2014a ;Ankylosaurs *

Ankylosauridae Ankylosauridae () is a family of armored dinosaurs within Ankylosauria, and is the sister group to Nodosauridae. The oldest known Ankylosaurids date to around 122 million years ago and went extinct 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous–P ...

indet. ;Ornithopods * '' Aralosaurus tuberiferus'' * '' Arstanosaurus akkurganensis'' * '' Batyrosaurus rozhdestvenskyi'' ;Sauropods *

Titanosauridae Lithostrotia is a clade of derived titanosaur sauropods that lived during the Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The group was defined by Upchurch ''et al.'' in 2004 as the most recent common ancestor of '' Malawisaurus'' and '' Saltasaurus ...

indet. *

Sauropoda Sauropoda (), whose members are known as sauropods (; from '' sauro-'' + '' -pod'', 'lizard-footed'), is a clade of saurischian ('lizard-hipped') dinosaurs. Sauropods had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their ...

indet. ;Theropods *

Caenagnathidae Caenagnathidae is a family of bird-like maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of North America and Asia. They are a member of the Oviraptorosauria, and close relatives of the Oviraptoridae. Like other oviraptorosaurs, caenagnathi ...

indet. * Troodontidae indet.Averianov, 2016 * Therizinosauria indet. * Ornithomimidae indet. * Tyrannosauroidea indet. ;Pterosaurs * ''

Aralazhdarcho bostobensis ''Aralazhdarcho'' is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur from the Santonian to the early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous period of Bostobe Svita in Kazakhstan. The type and only known species is ''Aralazhdarcho bostobensis''. Etymolog ...

''Averianov, 2004 * '' Samrukia nessovi'' ;Turtles * ''

Adocus foveatus ''Adocus'' is an extinct genus of aquatic turtles belonging to the family Adocidae. ''Adocus'' was once considered to belong to the family Dermatemyidae. Description Species of the genus ''Adocus'' had flattened and smoothly contoured shells w ...

'' * '' Anatolemys maximus'' * '' Khunnuchelys lophorhothon'' * '' Lindholmemys gravis'' * '' Shachemys baibolatica'' * '' Trionyx kansaiensis'', '' T. onomatoplokos'', '' T. riabinini'' ;Other reptiles * ''

Bishara Bishara, Bechara or Beshara (بشارة) is a common Arabic and Coptic name in the Middle East. It is most common in Egypt, Iraq and Syria. In Arabic, Bishāra means “Good News” an Arabic word which is the equivalent to Greek εὐαγγέλιο ...

backa'' ;Amphibians * Anura indet. * '' Eoscapherpeton'' ;Fish * '' Gobiates sp.'' ;Flora * Ulmaceae indet.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * {{issn, 0022-3360

Fossil content

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading