Borys Dmytrovych Hrinchenko (, ; December 9, 1863 – May 6, 1910) was a classical Ukrainian

prose Prose is language that follows the natural flow or rhythm of speech, ordinary grammatical structures, or, in writing, typical conventions and formatting. Thus, prose ranges from informal speaking to formal academic writing. Prose differs most n ...

writer A writer is a person who uses written words in different writing styles, genres and techniques to communicate ideas, to inspire feelings and emotions, or to entertain. Writers may develop different forms of writing such as novels, short sto ...

political activist A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some ...

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human species; as well as the ...

publicist A publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a company, a brand, or public figure – especially a celebrity – or for work or a project such as a book, film, or album. Publicists are public relations specialists wh ...

, and

ethnographer Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. It explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research that involves examining ...

. He was instrumental in the Ukrainian cultural revival of the late 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Author of the first

dictionary A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged Alphabetical order, alphabetically (or by Semitic root, consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical-and-stroke sorting, radical an ...

of the

Ukrainian language Ukrainian (, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first language, first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, a variant of t ...

together with his wife,

Maria Hrinchenko Maria Mykolayivna Hrinchenko (, ; 13 July 1863, Bohodukhiv – 15 July 1928) was a Ukrainian folklorist active at the turn of the 20th century. She played a significant role in the preservation and development of Ukrainian folklore. The four vo ...

, and editor of a number of Ukrainian periodicals, he advocated the spread of the

in schools and institutions. Hrinchenko was an editor of various Ukrainian periodicals. He was one of the founders of the Ukrainian Democratic Party. Hrinchenko also was an author of seminal ethnographic, lexicographic, and pedagogical works, literary studies, historical reviews, the first textbooks in the Ukrainian language, particularly ''Native word'', the school-book for reading. He was an editor of the four-volume ''Словарь української мови'' (Ukrainian Dictionary; " Kievskaia starina" publishing, Kyiv 1907–1909). One of the organizers and the first director of the

Prosvita Prosvita (), since 1991 officially known as All-Ukrainian Prosvita Society named after Taras Shevchenko () is an enlightenment society aimed to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture, education and science, that was created in the nineteenth cen ...

Society in

Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...

Biography

Borys Hrinchenko was born on December 9, 1863, in the

khutir A khutor ( ; rus, хутор, p=ˈxutər) or khutir (, ) is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single- homestead settlement.Kharkiv Governorate Kharkov Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (''guberniya'') of the Russian Empire founded in 1835. It embraced the historical region of Sloboda Ukraine. From 1765 to 1780 and from 1796 to 1835 the governorate was called Sloboda Uk ...

of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

(today, a village of Ruski Tyshky,

Kharkiv Raion Kharkiv Raion () is a raion (district) of Kharkiv Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Its capital (political), administrative center is the city of Kharkiv. Population: On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of rai ...

), but was baptized in the Archangel-Michael church in a village of Borshcheve. His father was a retired army officer of an impoverished noble heritage. His mother Poliksenia Litryova, a daughter of a colonel.Cherkaska, H.
Borys Hrinchenko and his Ukrainian feat
'. Uamodna. 22 December 2014 His family possessed 19 desyatinas () of land, mostly forest and a

water mill A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the production ...

. His father knew Ukrainian well and used it only when talking with neighboring peasants, whereas at home everyone in the family spoke

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

. Early learning to read, the boy found an uncontrollable attraction to books. He studied at a real school in

Kharkiv Kharkiv, also known as Kharkov, is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city in Ukraine.

. Here Hrinchenko became close to the populist circles, studied and distributed their publications, which led to his arrest and several months in prison. This was the end of his training: he had to go to earn his own bread. For some time, working in the casemate, Boris lived in a shoemaker's family. Having learned to sew boots, he bought books for his saved pennies from earnings and engaged in self-education. Before enrolling in the Kharkiv city secondary school (so called

realschule Real school (, ) is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (''realna gimnazija''), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (''realskole''), Sweden (''realskola''), F ...

), young Hrinchenko was

home schooled Homeschooling or home schooling (American English), also known as home education or elective home education (EHE) (British English), is the education of school-aged children at home or a variety of places other than a school. Usually conducted ...

. In 1874 he entered the Kharkiv Real School. It was then, under the influence of "

Kobzar A ''kobzar'' ( ; ) was an itinerant Ukrainian bard who sang to his own accompaniment, played on a multistringed kobza or bandura. Tradition The professional kobzar tradition was established during the Hetmanate Era around the sixteenth cen ...

", he began to collect and record heard songs, legends, fairy tales and other folklore materials. Borys Hrinchenko calls

Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European literature, European and Scottish literature, notably the novels ''Ivanhoe'' (18 ...

George Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English poet. He is one of the major figures of the Romantic movement, and is regarded as being among the greatest poets of the United Kingdom. Among his best-kno ...

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romanticism, Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchbac ...

Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin () was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.Basker, Michael. Pushkin and Romanticism. In Ferber, Michael, ed., ''A Companion to European Romanticism''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. He is consid ...

Nikolay Nekrasov Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov ( rus, Никола́й Алексе́евич Некра́сов, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪtɕ nʲɪˈkrasəf, a=Ru-Nikolay_Alexeyevich_Nekrasov.ogg, – ) was a Russian poet, writer, critic and publ ...

and

Aleksey Koltsov Aleksey Vasilievich Koltsov (; October 15, 1809 – October 29, 1842) was a Russian poet who has been called a Russian Burns. His poems, frequently placed in the mouth of women, stylize peasant-life songs and idealize agricultural labour. Koltsov ...

"the first literary teachers." They contributed to the formation of the strong-willed character of the writer. From 1874 to 1879 he studied at the Kharkiv Real School, where he became close to populist circles. At the fifth grade he was imprisoned on 29 December 1879 "for possession and distribution" of Serhiy Podolynsky's banned book "Steam Machine" (, 1875). He was excluded from school and spent couple of months in prison where he became sick on

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...

. Acquired self-education allowed Hrinchenko to pass exams for the title of public teacher at

Kharkiv University The V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (), also known as Kharkiv National University or Karazin University, is a public university in Kharkiv, Ukraine. It was founded in 1804 through the efforts of Vasily Karazin, becoming the second old ...

. After passing the exams for the title of people's teacher at Kharkiv University, Hrinchenko taught in Slobozhanshchina and Ekaterinoslavshchina from 1881 to 1893 (except in 1886–1887, when he was a statistician in the Kherson Provincial Zemstvo). In 1887 he lived with his young wife,

Maria Maria may refer to: People * Mary, mother of Jesus * Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages Place names Extraterrestrial * 170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877 * Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, ...

, in the

Donbas The Donbas (, ; ) or Donbass ( ) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. The majority of the Donbas is occupied by Russia as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The word ''Donbas'' is a portmanteau formed fr ...

in the village of Oleksiyivka (Katerynoslav province, now Luhansk region) and worked at the folk school of Christa Alchevskaya. In 1891, the Brotherhood of Tarasivtsi was founded, and Hrinchenko soon became an active member of it. He taught in the villages of Kharkiv, Sumy, Ekaterinoslav. He writes a lot, his works are regularly published in magazines and almanacs. His poetry collections "Songs of Vasyl Chaichenko" (1884), "Under the Village Roof" (1886), "Under the Cloudy Sky" (1893), "Songs and Thoughts" (1895), and "Minutes" (1903) were published. From 1884 to 1900 he worked in the Chernihiv Zemstvo and actively cooperated with the local community. At the expense of Ivan Cherevatenko, he organized the publishing of popular books in Ukrainian in

Dnieper The Dnieper or Dnepr ( ), also called Dnipro ( ), is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Approximately long, with ...

Ukraine (On Thunder and Lightning, The Great Sahara Desert, Jeanne d'Arc, biographies of Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Yevhen Hrebinka, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, and others. ). From 1902 he lived and worked in Kyiv. From 1904 he became one of the leaders of the newly formed Ukrainian Democratic Party. While working in the zemstvo, Hrinchenko wrote a dilogy "In the middle of the dark night" (1901) and "Under the quiet willows" (1902), published plays "Forest Stars" (1897), "Cloud" (1897), "Steppe Guest" (1898), "Among the Storms" (1899), "On Public Work" (1901). B. Hrinchenko was an extremely hard-working man. Being a true patriot, he published "Ethnographic Materials Collected in Chernihiv and Neighboring Provinces" in three volumes (1895-1899), "From the Mouth" (1900), and "Literature of Ukrainian Folklore (1777-1900)" (1901). In 1902 the writer moved to

. Here, together with his wife Maria Zahirna, he worked on compiling his top work, the four-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (1907-1909). This outstanding work was awarded an academic prize. At the end of 1904 he headed the left wing of the UDP, which formed the

Ukrainian Radical Party The Ukrainian Radical Party (URP) (, ''Ukraiinska Radykalna Partiia''), founded in October 1890 as Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party and based on the Radicalism (historical), radical movement in western Ukraine dating from the 1870s, was the firs ...

, and at the end of 1905 it merged with the UDP into the Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party. From 1906 he was an employee of the newspaper Hromadska Dumka and editor of the magazine Nova Hromada. In 1906-1909 he headed the Kyiv

. Hrinchenko belonged to the group of the most prominent representatives of Ukrainian populism. During the period of the greatest scale of the great-power chauvinist policy of the Russian government in Ukraine, he advocated the consistent conduct of national and cultural work among Ukrainian society. He expressed his political views in his program of the UDRP and in "Letters from Dnieper Ukraine" (Bukovina newspaper, 1892–1893). In 1905, on the initiative of Hrinchenko and others, the All-Ukrainian Teachers' Union (VUUS) was formed, a professional Ukrainian organization of teachers and public educators. After the return of

Mykhailo Hrushevsky Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky (; – 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century. Hrushevsky is ...

from Lviv to Kyiv, Hrinchenko sowed enmity and distrust of everything in Galicia (his personal motive was his disapproval of Mykhailo Hrushevsky). On behalf of the Kyiv Community, he collected materials and edited the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language for 2 years, which included 70,000 Ukrainian words from literary works and folklore sources. The dictionary was published in 4 volumes (vols. 1–4, 1907–1909). This work by Hrinchenko even received an award from the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was an outstanding work of the early twentieth century, which was republished for the second time in 49 years. The writer's health, undermined by

(the consequences of the Kharkiv imprisonment), could not withstand the tense, continuous rhythm. The last straw of his life was the death of his daughter Nastya and her young son. The sharp exacerbation of the disease forced the writer to go for treatment in the Kingdom of Italy. He died on May 6, 1910, in the town of

Ospedaletti Ospedaletti () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region of Liguria, located about southwest of Genoa and about southwest of Imperia. Ospedaletti borders the following municipalities: Bordighera, Sanremo, ...

Liguria Liguria (; ; , ) is a Regions of Italy, region of north-western Italy; its Capital city, capital is Genoa. Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennine Mountains, Apennines Mountain chain, mountain range and is roughly coextensive with ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

. Hrinchenko was buried in Kyiv, in the

Baikove Cemetery Baikove Cemetery () is a historic cemetery memorial in Holosiivskyi District of Kyiv, Ukraine. It is a National Historic Monument of Ukraine and is known as a necropolis of distinguished people. History The cemetery was established in 1833 a ...

. He was survived by his wife,

Bibliographic activity

Hrinchenko was one of the active contributors to the critical and bibliographic department of the Zorya magazine. He published his consolidated works on the current bibliography under the title "News of Ukrainian Literature" and "New Ukrainian Books" under the pseudonyms V. Chainenko and V. Vilkhivsky. These were information and bibliographic messages with cursory evaluations of publications or collections of reviews. The bibliographer submitted such a consolidated material in 1886 and 1889. In the 1890s he published separate reviews in Zora, and sometimes evaluated Lviv books. Hrinchenko demanded that the Zorya editorial office work systematically on current bibliographic information, pointed to insufficient review of Galician printing houses, omissions of certain works, and advocated the publication of reviews of monthly periodicals. Hrinchenko paid special attention to literature for public reading. He dedicated a special article "Popular Books" to her, often responding to novelties in this literature.

Works

He began his literary career in the 1980s. Author of about 50 short stories ("Wonderful Girl", 1884; "Exam", 1884; "Without Bread", 1884; "Alone, All Alone", 1885; "Olesya", 1890; "Stolen", 1891; "Bell", 1897, etc.), novels "Sunbeam", 1890; "At the Crossroads", 1891; "In the Middle of the Dark Night", 1900; "Under the Silent Willows", 1901), collections of poetry, "Songs of Vasily Chaichenko", 1884; "Under the village roof", 1886; "Under the cloudy sky", 1893, etc.). Dramas are devoted to the historical theme: "Among the Storms" (1897), "The Steppe Guest" (1897), and "Clear Stars" (1884-1900). He translated works by

Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. He was born i ...

, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe,

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; ; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was an outstanding poet, writer, and literary criticism, literary critic of 19th-century German Romanticism. He is best known outside Germany for his ...

and others. He organized and published in three books "Ethnographic materials collected in Chernihiv and neighboring provinces" (vols. 1–3, 1895–99). He owns valuable collections of folk art "Songs and Thoughts" (1895), "Dumas of the Kobzar" (1897), "Merry Storyteller" (1898), "From the mouth of the people. Little Russian stories, fairy tales, etc. " (1901) and others. Working fruitfully in the field of public education, he set out his pedagogical views in the works: "What is now a public school in Ukraine" (1896), "People's teachers and the Ukrainian school" (1906), "On the path of ignorance. About the Ukrainian school "(1906) and others. He fought for the education of Ukrainian children in their native language, advocated the purity of the Ukrainian literary language. He created several school textbooks, including "Ukrainian Grammar", "Native Word". One of the brightest works of Hrinchenko is the poem "To compatriots who once a year gather to sing the anthem on Shevchenko's anniversary" (1898), in which the poet expressed his vision of the attitude of the Ukrainian pseudo-intelligentsia to Ukraine.

Memory

* A monument to Borys Hrinchenko was unveiled in Kyiv on August 22, 2011 (sculptor Mykola Obeziuk and architect Mykola Bosenko). * The Taras Shevchenko All-Ukrainian Enlightenment Society annually awards the Borys Hrinchenko Prize to scientists, educators, public and political figures who have made a significant contribution to the development of independent Ukraine, the establishment of the state Ukrainian language, development of national culture, revival of historical memory and formation of national consciousness. and raising the spirituality and well-being of the Ukrainian people, educational and ascetic activities in the name of Ukraine. * On July 4, 2012, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Resolution "On the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Borys Hrinchenko". * On November 22, 2013, the

National Bank of Ukraine The National Bank of Ukraine ( ; NBU []) is the central bank of Ukraine. Created in 1991 from the Ukrainian operations of the Soviet Gosbank, the NBU employs over 12,000 people, making it one of the largest employers in the financial sector in ...

put into circulation a commemorative coin "Borys Hrinchenko" with a face value of ₴2. * Hrinchenko Streets in Lviv and Kyiv. * The village of Hrinchenkove (Chupakhiv village OTG) in the

Sumy region Sumy Oblast (), also known as Sumshchyna (), is an oblast (province) in northeast Ukraine. The oblast was created in its modern-day form, from the merging of raions from Kharkiv Oblast, Chernihiv Oblast, and Poltava Oblast in 1939 by the Presidi ...

Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University

Scientific and pedagogical staff, students of the Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University take care of the grave of the Scientist in Kyiv at the Baykovo Cemetery. To the 145th anniversary of B. Hrinchenko's birth, a badge "For personal contribution to the development of the University" was developed and a nominal scholarship for the best students was introduced. The first badge "For personal contribution to the development of the University" with a bas-relief of Hrinchenko was given to the wife of the former rector of the Interregional Institute for Teacher Training Victor Hryhorovych Slyusarenko (now deceased). In 2011, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence, a monument to Borys Hrinchenko was unveiled in Kyiv, built at the expense of teachers and students of the Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University with the support of the

Kyiv City State Administration Kyiv City State Administration (, commonly abbreviated as KMDA ) is the national-level branch of the Government of Ukraine that administers Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The current Head of the Kyiv City State Administration is Vitali Klitschko; ...

. Biographical and literary portal "Hrinchenko online" contains the results of research on the life and work of Boris Dmitrievich, as well as the most complete library of his works on the Internet, the uniqueness of which lies in the chronological categorizer by periods of artistic activity. The resource was developed by computer science students Ivan Stepura and Milana Sablina, who took the first place with him at the All-Ukrainian student scientific-practical conference "Boris Hrinchenko through the eyes of students of the XXI century".

Museum in Luhansk region

The Hrinchenko Memorial Museum is located in the village of Oleksiyivka, Perevalsky District. “A short steppe path leads to the museum. In the yard of Oleksiyivska School there is an old building, in front of which stands a monument to a talented teacher, prominent writer and publicist, critic and linguist, publisher and public figure - Borys Dmytrovych Hrinchenko. " The Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of 2013 on the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Borys Hrinchenko noted that by the date of birth (December 9) the Luhansk Regional Council and Luhansk Regional State Administration will provide repair and restoration work at the Hrinchenko Memorial Museum in Mykhailivtsi, Perevalskyi district, Luhansk region.

English Translations

English translations of Borys Hrinchenko's works include: * "Brother against Brother";Hrinchenko, B., 1998
''Brother against Brother''
pp.160-217, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl. * "January 9th"

Bibliography

Bibliography
at

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References

External links

* Hlobenko, M.
Borys Hrinchenko
'.

Encyclopedia of Ukraine The ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' (), published from 1984 to 2001, is a fundamental work of Ukrainian Studies. Development The work was created under the auspices of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Europe (Sarcelles, near Paris). As the ...

* Roszkowski, W., Kofman, J.
Borys Hrinchenko
'. Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century.

Routledge Routledge ( ) is a British multinational corporation, multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, academic journals, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanit ...

, 2016
Hrinchenko's works

Biography and his works

Hrinchenko at chytanka.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrinchenko Borys 1863 births 1910 deaths People from Kharkiv Oblast People from Kharkovsky Uyezd Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904) politicians Writers from the Russian Empire Ukrainian male writers Ukrainian ethnographers 19th-century Ukrainian historians Prosvita Ukrainian victims of human rights abuses National University of Kharkiv alumni Burials at Baikove Cemetery Ospedaletti