Book Of Mulling
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The Book of Mulling or less commonly, Book of Moling (Dublin,
Trinity College Library The Library of Trinity College Dublin () serves Trinity College, and is the largest library in Ireland. It is a legal deposit or "copyright library", which means that publishers in Ireland must deposit a copy of all their publications there ...
MS 60 (A. I. 15)), is an Irish pocket
Gospel Book A Gospel Book, Evangelion, or Book of the Gospels ( Greek: , ) is a codex or bound volume containing one or more of the four Gospels of the Christian New Testament – normally all four – centering on the life of Jesus of Nazareth and the roo ...
from the late 8th or early 9th century. The text collection includes the four Gospels, a liturgical service which includes the "
Apostles' Creed The Apostles' Creed (Latin: ''Symbolum Apostolorum'' or ''Symbolum Apostolicum''), sometimes titled the Apostolic Creed or the Symbol of the Apostles, is a Christian creed or "symbol of faith". "Its title is first found c.390 (Ep. 42.5 of Ambro ...
", and in the colophon, a supposed plan of St. Moling's monastery enclosed by two concentric circles. The name derives from a former notion that the scribe was the Leinster saint St. Moling (d. 697), founder of Tech-Moling ( St. Mullins, Co. Carlow), whose subscription occurs in the colophon at the end of St John's Gospel: '' men scriptoris Mulling dicitur''. However, the manuscript is younger and the script reveals that three scribes were involved: one for the prefaces, another for the
synoptic gospels The gospels of Gospel of Matthew, Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Mark, and Gospel of Luke, Luke are referred to as the synoptic Gospels because they include many of the same stories, often in a similar sequence and in similar or sometimes identical ...
(Matthew, Mark and Luke) and a third for St John's Gospel. It remains possible that the manuscript was copied from an autograph manuscript of St Moling. The script is written in Irish
minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing system ...
. This is in fact one of the latest surviving documents to use the high style in
illuminated manuscripts An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared manuscript, document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as marginalia, borders and Miniature (illuminated manuscript), miniature illustrations. Often used in the Roman Catholic Churc ...
. The decoration includes illuminated initials and three surviving
Evangelist portrait Evangelist portraits are a specific type of miniature included in ancient and mediaeval illuminated manuscript Gospel Books, and later in Bibles and other books, as well as other media. Each Gospel of the Four Evangelists, the books of Matthew, ...
s: those of Matthew, Mark and John. Its jewelled shrine or
cumdach A (, in Irish "cover"Joynt (1917), p. 186) or book shrine is an elaborate ornamented metal reliquary box or case used to hold History of Ireland (400–800), Early Medieval Irish manuscripts or relics. They are typically later than the book t ...
is also preserved at Trinity College. The pocket gospel book is a distinctively Insular format, of which the Book of Mulling is a leading example.


The Portrait of John

The Evangelist John is shown in a fully frontal pose. He holds a book or tablet of some kind, with his hand over it and his heart. This could be a reference to his position as the scribe of one of the
Gospels Gospel originally meant the Christian message (" the gospel"), but in the second century AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported. In this sen ...
. He has blond hair and blue eyes, and his robes are in shades of rich blue and red. The robes flow around him, forming interlaced, almost geometric shapes, echoing those around the border. There is a border surrounding the portrait. In this case, John's halo, a marker of his holy status, breaks the frame created by the border. The border is relatively sparse above and below the Evangelist, however on the left and the right elaborate designs have been created within the border.
Interlaced Interlaced video (also known as interlaced scan) is a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth. The interlaced signal contains two fields of a video frame captured consecutively. Th ...
line-work fills squares in all four corners, two panels on the left and the right feature interlocking animal shapes, elongated and interlaced to the point of being nearly unrecognizable. Both of these patterns call to mind the style of metalwork also popular in this period. The colors are faded, but the richness of this image is evident by the use of gold and the immense attention to detail, making this one of the leading examples of illuminated manuscript art from this period.


Binding and conservation

Prior to 1977, the Book of Mulling had a binding that had been done by the
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in the late 19th century in a style similar to that of Codex Usserianus Primus, with its (now) individual vellum folios glued onto paper panels sewn into a leather binding. The book was rebound in 1977 by conservator Anthony Cains in a traditional style similar to the
Book of Kells The Book of Kells (; ; Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS A. I. 8 sometimes known as the Book of Columba) is an illustrated manuscript and Celts, Celtic Gospel book in Latin, containing the Gospel, four Gospels of the New Testament togeth ...
' current binding, sewn on vegetable-fibre double cords laced into quarter-sawn oak boards and covered with white alum-tawed skin in a quarter style. When the book was examined by conservators in 2016 as it was prepared for
imaging Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object's form; especially a visual representation (i.e., the formation of an image). Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve, or duplicate images. ...
, Cains' 1977 binding was found to be in good condition and required little remedial work.


Early Irish Manuscript Project

The Early Irish Manuscripts Project is an initiative by the
Library of Trinity College Dublin The Library of Trinity College Dublin () serves Trinity College, and is the largest library in Ireland. It is a legal deposit or "copyright library", which means that publishers in Ireland must deposit a copy of all their publications there ...
to conserve, research, and digitize the most important early medieval insular Gospel manuscripts in their collection, including the Book of Mulling, Book of Dimma,
Garland of Howth The Garland of Howth, also known as the Codex Usserianus Secundus, designated by r2 or 28 (in the Beuron system), is a fragmentary 8th to 10th century Latin Gospel Book in the possession of Trinity College Dublin as MS. 56 (A. IV. 6). The Insul ...
, and Codex Usserianus Primus. This project has encouraged new research on these manuscripts, as well as greater access to them, as they are available online. The goal of the Early Irish Manuscript Project is to encourage and facilitate new research on the manuscripts in the collection of Trinity College Dublin. Non-destructive pigment analysis was used in the research.


Notes


Bibliography

*Doyle, Peter. "The Text of Saint Luke's Gospel in the Book of Mulling." ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' 73 C 6, 1973 *Henry, Franciose. Irish Art in the Early Christian Period. London: Methuen & Co., 1940 *Henry, Francoise and Genevieve Marsh-Micheli, Studies in Early Christian and Medieval Irish Art, Vol. II. Manuscript Illumination. London: The Pindar Press, 1984 *Lawlor, Hugh Jackson. ''Chapters on the Book of Mulling''. Edinburgh, 1897
Available from Internet Archive
*Nees, Lawrence. "The Colophon Drawing in the Book of Mulling. A Supposed Irish Monastery Plan and the Tradition of Terminal Illustration in Early Medieval Manuscripts." '' Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies'' 5 (1983) * O'Neill, Timothy. ''The Irish Hand: Scribes and Their Manuscripts From the Earliest Times''. Cork: Cork University Press, 2014. *Sterick, Robert D. "The plan of the evangelist portrait pages in the 'Book of Mulling'." ''Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland'' 121 (1991)


External links


The Book of Mulling
digitised at the
Library of Trinity College Dublin The Library of Trinity College Dublin () serves Trinity College, and is the largest library in Ireland. It is a legal deposit or "copyright library", which means that publishers in Ireland must deposit a copy of all their publications there ...
S 60
More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts

Early Irish Manuscripts Project
on YouTube {{Authority control 8th-century illuminated manuscripts 8th century in Ireland Gospel Books Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts Irish manuscripts Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts Library of Trinity College Dublin