''Bolma'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of medium to large

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s with a

calcareous Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime (mineral), lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of Science, scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcare ...

operculum, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...

, the turban snails.

Fossil records

The genus is known from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

to the

Recent The Holocene () is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Qu ...

periods (age range: from 33.9 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found in France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Vanuatu, Guam, Cyprus, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, New Zealand, Australia and Tonga. There are about 5 extinct species.

Description

The central teeth of the

radula The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...

have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps. The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). In nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral diagra ...

s rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

Distribution

This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the

South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by South China, in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan island, Taiwan and northwestern Philippines (mainly Luz ...

, the

East China Sea The East China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, located directly offshore from East China. China names the body of water along its eastern coast as "East Sea" (, ) due to direction, the name of "East China Sea" is otherwise ...

, and off

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

, Indo-China, the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

(New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...

(WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus ''Bolma'': * †''

Bolma anacanthos ''Bolma anacanthos'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. ...

'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma andersoni ''Bolma andersoni'', common name Anderson's star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 50 mm and 87 mm. Distributio ...

'' (E.A. Smith, 1902) * ''

Bolma aureola ''Bolma aureola'', common name the golden turbo shell or the scaly star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma aureola'' (Hedley, 1907). Accessed through ...

'' (Hedley, 1907) * †''

Bolma austroconica ''Bolma austroconica'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P ...

'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma bartschii ''Bolma bartschii'' , common name Bartsch's star bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma bartschii'' Dall, 1913. Accessed ...

'' Dall, 1913 * ''

Bolma bathyraphis ''Bolma bathyraphis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma bathyraphis'' (E. A. Smith, 1899). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:// ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * '' Bolma boucheti'' Alf & Kreipl, 2011 * '' Bolma castelinae'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * †'' Bolma crassigranosa'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * '' Bolma exotica'' (Okutani, 1969) * '' Bolma flava'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * †'' Bolma flindersi'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * '' Bolma fuscolineata'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * '' Bolma girgyllus'' (Reeve, 1861) * †'' Bolma granosa'' Borson, 1821 * ''

Bolma guttata ''Bolma guttata'', common name the sandpaper bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma guttata'' (A. Adams, 1863). Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...

'' (A. Adams, 1863) * ''

Bolma henica ''Bolma henica'', common names abyssal dolma and deep sea star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Subspecies Three subspecies are recognized: Description The size of the ...

'' (Watson, 1885) * '' Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * '' Bolma johnstoni'' (Odhner, 1923) * '' Bolma kermadecensis'' Beau & Ponder, 1979 * '' Bolma kiharai'' Kosuge, 1986 * '' Bolma kreipli'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma maestratii'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * '' Bolma mainbaza'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * †'' Bolma marshalli'' Thomson, 1908 * '' Bolma martinae'' Kreipl & Alf, 2005 * '' Bolma massieri'' Bozzetti, 1992 * †'' Bolma meynardi'' Michelotti, 1847 * '' Bolma microconcha'' Kosuge, 1985 * '' Bolma midwayensis'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) * '' Bolma millegranosa'' Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 * '' Bolma minuta'' Neubert, 1998 * '' Bolma minutiradiosa'' Kosuge, 1983 * '' Bolma modesta'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Bolma opaoana'' Bouchet & Métivier, 1983 * ''

Bolma persica ''Bolma persica'', common name the peach bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 40 mm. Its color pattern is ...

'' (Dall, 1907) * ''

Bolma pseudobathyraphis ''Bolma pseudobathyraphis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma pseudobathyraphis'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010. Accessed through: World Register of M ...

'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma recens''

Dell Dell Inc. is an American technology company that develops, sells, repairs, and supports personal computers (PCs), Server (computing), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals including printers and webcam ...

, 1967 * '' Bolma redoniana'' Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2023 * ''

Bolma rugosa ''Bolma rugosa'' is a species of large sea snail in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. It occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. Description The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 70 mm. The ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *'' Bolma sabinae'' Alf & Kreipl, 2004 * '' Bolma somaliensis'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * '' Bolma tamikoana'' (Shikama, 1973) * '' Bolma tantalea'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma tayloriana'' (E.A. Smith, 1880) * '' Bolma venusta'' (Okutani, 1969) The following species are also included in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS : Bolma
/ref> * ''Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola'' (Dall, 1925) Bolma erectospinosa 002

References

* Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19 * Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27 * Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373 * Williams, S.T. (2007). ''Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae)''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592 *Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) ''The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990''. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104–245. {{Taxonbar, from=Q3168347 Turbinidae Gastropod genera Extant Eocene first appearances Taxa named by Antoine Risso