''Bolma'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of medium to large

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s with a

calcareous Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime (mineral), lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of Science, scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcare ...

operculum,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine current power * Marine debris * Marine energy * Marine habitats * Mari ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

Fossil records

The genus is known from the Eocene to the Holocene, Recent periods (age range: from 33.9 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found in France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Vanuatu, Guam, Cyprus, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, New Zealand, Australia and Tonga. There are about 5 extinct species.

Description

The central teeth of the radula have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps. The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with Whorl (mollusc), whorls rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

Distribution

This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the Red Sea, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, and off South Africa, Indo-China, the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).

Species

According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus ''Bolma'': * †''Bolma anacanthos'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''Bolma andersoni'' (E.A. Smith, 1902) * ''Bolma aureola'' (Hedley, 1907) * †''Bolma austroconica'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''Bolma bartschii'' Dall, 1913 * ''Bolma bathyraphis'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * ''Bolma boucheti'' Alf & Kreipl, 2011 * ''Bolma castelinae'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * †''Bolma crassigranosa'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * ''Bolma exotica'' (Okutani, 1969) * ''Bolma flava'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * †''Bolma flindersi'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * ''Bolma fuscolineata'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * ''Bolma girgyllus'' (Reeve, 1861) * †''Bolma granosa'' Borson, 1821 * ''Bolma guttata'' (A. Adams, 1863) * ''Bolma henica'' (Watson, 1885) * ''Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * ''Bolma johnstoni'' (Odhner, 1923) * ''Bolma kermadecensis'' Beau & Winston Ponder, Ponder, 1979 * ''Bolma kiharai'' Kosuge, 1986 * ''Bolma kreipli'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''Bolma maestratii'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * ''Bolma mainbaza'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * †''Bolma marshalli'' Thomson, 1908 * ''Bolma martinae'' Kreipl & Alf, 2005 * ''Bolma massieri'' Bozzetti, 1992 * †''Bolma meynardi'' Michelotti, 1847 * ''Bolma microconcha'' Kosuge, 1985 * ''Bolma midwayensis'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) * ''Bolma millegranosa'' Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 * ''Bolma minuta'' Neubert, 1998 * ''Bolma minutiradiosa'' Kosuge, 1983 * ''Bolma modesta'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''Bolma opaoana'' Bouchet & Métivier, 1983 * ''Bolma persica'' (Dall, 1907) * ''Bolma pseudobathyraphis'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''Bolma recens'' Richard Dell, Dell, 1967 * ''Bolma redoniana'' Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2023 * ''Bolma rugosa'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *'' Bolma sabinae'' Alf & Kreipl, 2004 * ''Bolma somaliensis'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''Bolma tamikoana'' (Shikama, 1973) * ''Bolma tantalea'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * ''Bolma tayloriana'' (E.A. Smith, 1880) * ''Bolma venusta'' (Okutani, 1969) The following species are also included in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS : Bolma
/ref> * ''Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola'' (Dall, 1925) Bolma erectospinosa 002

References

* Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19 * Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27 * Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373 * Williams, S.T. (2007). ''Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae)''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592 *Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) ''The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990''. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104–245. {{Taxonbar, from=Q3168347 Bolma, Turbinidae Gastropod genera Extant Eocene first appearances Taxa named by Antoine Risso